Fig. 1.

Effects on survival and development of S. littoralis larvae feeding on leaves from tomato plants colonized by T. afroharzianum. (A) Survival rate of larvae reared on tomato leaves obtained from plants treated with T. afroharzianum T22 (T22-larvae) or untreated control plants (C-larvae). Here and in the following panels, the asterisk denotes a statistically significant difference (log-rank test: χ²(1) = 29.72, P value < 0.0001). (B) Larval weight from third instar to pupation (statistical indices are reported in SI Appendix, Table S1); T22-larvae took longer than controls to pupate [Student’s t test: t(41) = 14.03, P value < 0.0001]. (C) Weight of day 3 pupae [Student’s t test: t(41) = 4.54, P value < 0.0001]. (D) Pupal survival [log-rank test: χ²(1) = 16.18, P value < 0.0001]. (E) Duration of pupal stage [Student’s t test: t(30) = 4.82, P value < 0.0001]. (F) Adult longevity [Student’s t test: t(28) = 10.67, P value < 0.0001]. The values are means ± SE. The gray arrows and the black arrows indicate the molting occurrence for C-larvae and T22-larvae, respectively.