FIGURE 3.

Konjac glucomannan–gallic acid (KGM‐GA) regulates polarization of macrophages in vitro. (a) Representative images of CD206 immunofluorescence staining of Raw 264.7 after 48 h cultured with KGM, GA, and KGM‐GA, respectively. (b) Quantitative measurement of CD206 signals. (c, d) Flow cytometry results of Raw 264.7 after cells were stained with M1 marker CD86 and M2 marker CD206. The ratios of M2 phenotypes were also presented. (e–i) The secretion of IL‐10, TGF‐β, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in culture supernatants of Raw 264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Tests were conducted by one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey post hoc analysis. The data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3). ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, and *p < 0.05 compared to control group; ###p < 0.001 compared to KGM group