Fig. 3.

Ginsenoside Rd and compound K mitigated IS-induced AD in mice. (A) Effects on AD-like behaviors: OT in the EPMT (a), LT in the LDTT (b), and immobility time in the TST (c) and FST (d). (B) Effects on dopamine (a), serotonin (b), TNF-α (c), IL-6 (d), IL-10 (e) levels, NF-κB⁺Iba1⁺ cell population (f), and (f) intensity (g) in the hypothalamus. (C) Effects on IL-6 expression (a), NF-κB⁺Iba1⁺ and BDNF⁺NeuN⁺ cell populations (b), and (b) intensities (c, d) in the hippocampus. (D) Effects on corticosterone (CORT, a) and IL-6 levels (b) in the blood. Mice were exposed to IS and test agents (IS, vehicle [saline]; ID1, 1 mg/kg/day of ginsenoside Rd; ID5, 5 mg/kg of ginsenoside Rd; IC1, 1 mg/kg/day of CK; and IC5, 5 mg/kg/day of CK) were gavaged. Normal control group (NC) was treated with saline. Data values are represented as mean ± SD (n = 7). ^#p < 0.05 vs. NC. ∗p < 0.05 vs. IS.