Figure 1.

Changes in urinary pyruvate normalized to urinary osmolality by study visit. (a) Graph depicting time course of changes in urinary pyruvate to osmolality ratio for metformin-treated subjects (blue) and placebo group subjects (red) throughout the 24-month study period. Data shown are means (± 95% CI) at each of the study visits with the number of samples at each visit for the 2 treatment arms indicated at the bottom of the graph. (b) Comparison of the mean change (and 95% CI) in ln (pyruvate/Uosm) over the 24-month treatment period for the metformin and placebo groups. Statistical analysis revealed no significant change over 24 months of ln(Pyruvate/Uosm) in the metformin treatment group (−0.05 [95% CI −0.25, 0.15]), whereas there was a significant reduction of ln (Pyruvate/Uosm) in the placebo group of −0.39 (95% CI −0.59, −0.19), with a between-arm difference of metformin versus placebo of 0.34 (95% CI 0.06, 0.63; P = 0.017). CI, confidence interval;