Table 5.

Association between cardiovascular risk factors and CKD, Human Heredity for Health in Africa Kidney Disease Research Network

Cardivascular risk factors	Unadjusted		Adjusteda
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age
<50 REF	1		1
≥50	1.14 (1.04–1.24)	0.004	1.18 (1.00–1.39)	0.049
Hypertension	1.72 (1.57–1.88)	<0.001	1.69 (1.43–2.00)	<0.001
Diabetes	1.84 (1.62–2.09)	<0.001	1.15 (0.92–1.44)	0.234
Elevated cholesterol	1.59 (1.31–1.92)	<0.001	1.99 (1.39–2.86)	<0.001
Smoking	1.19 (1.01–1.40)	0.038	0.84 (0.64–1.12)	0.244
BMI (kg/m2)
18.5–24.9 REF	1
<18.5	1.54 (1.30–1.84)	<0.001	1.68 (1.21–2.323)	0.002
≥25.0	0.84 (0.76–0.92)	<0.001	0.92 (0.77–1.09)	0.311
Waist circumference (cm)b
High risk	0.69 (0.62–0.76)	<0.001	0.84 (0.71–0.99)	0.037
Normal REF	1		1

95% CI, 95% confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; REF, reference category; OR, odds ratio.

^aEach factor was adjusted for all others, gender and country of residence.

^bWaist circumference (cm) <90 for men and <80 for women: normal; ≥90 for men and ≥80 for women: high risk.