Table 2.
Changes from baseline to posttest in average primary and secondary outcome measurements for treatment and control groups.
| Baseline* | Month-10 posttest* | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E-health | TAU | E-health | TAU | Test† | P † | d (95% CI)‡ | |
| MED | 48.1 (63.6) | 47.8 (53.4) | 49.8 (87.2) | 61.1 (98.4) | 4.50 | 0.0339 | −0.20 (−0.40, −0.00) |
| BPI pain intensity | 5.9 (1.5) | 5.9 (1.6) | 5.5 (1.8) | 5.7 (1.8) | 0.75 | 0.3855 | −0.09 (−0.29, 0.12) |
| BPI pain interference | 5.8 (2.2) | 5.6 (2.3) | 5.0 (2.5) | 5.2 (2.5) | 1.46 | 0.2274 | −0.14 (−0.34, 0.07) |
| PROMIS global physical health | 36.0 (6.5) | 36.8 (6.2) | 37.7 (6.6) | 37.7 (7.1) | 1.18 | 0.2781 | 0.14 (−0.06, 0.35) |
| PROMIS global mental health | 43.2 (8.3) | 43.2 (8.7) | 44.4 (9.1) | 44.1 (9.1) | 0.02 | 0.9017 | 0.00 (−0.20, 0.21) |
| Current opioid misuse measure | 8.7 (6.5) | 8.7 (6.1) | 7.5 (6.7) | 7.4 (6.2) | 0.01 | 0.9416 | 0.00 (−0.20, 0.21) |
| Pain knowledge (% right) | 72.6% (14.1%) | 74.2% (14.1%) | 81.6% (13.3%) | 78.4% (12.5%) | 11.05 | 0.0009 | 0.34 (0.13, 0.55) |
| Pain self-efficacy | 24.6 (12.5) | 25.2 (12.8) | 31.6 (13.3) | 28.6 (13.7) | 7.35 | 0.0067 | 0.27 (0.06, 0.48) |
| Coping strategies | |||||||
| Catastrophizing | 2.2 (1.2) | 2.0 (1.3) | 1.9 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.3) | 4.50 | 0.0339 | −0.30 (−0.51, −0.09) |
| Coping self statements | 3.8 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.2) | 3.9 (1.2) | 3.7 (1.1) | 1.60 | 0.2057 | 0.06 (−0.15, 0.27) |
| Distance from pain | 1.5 (1.3) | 1.2 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.4) | 1.7 (1.5) | 3.78 | 0.0518 | 0.12 (−0.09, 0.33) |
| Distraction | 3.3 (1.3) | 3.1 (1.4) | 3.7 (1.1) | 3.3 (1.3) | 9.22 | 0.0024 | 0.19 (−0.01, 0.40) |
| Ignoring pain | 2.2 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.3) | 2.5 (1.2) | 2.3 (1.4) | 1.34 | 0.2467 | 0.07 (−0.13, 0.28) |
| Praying | 3.5 (1.7) | 3.4 (2.0) | 3.4 (1.7) | 3.4 (2.0) | 1.52 | 0.2176 | −0.16 (−0.37, 0.05) |
| Passive coping§ | 5.7 (2.2) | 5.3 (2.6) | 5.3 (2.2) | 5.3 (2.7) | 4.86 | 0.0275 | −0.29 (−0.50, −0.08) |
*
All measures summarized as mean (SD).
†
Linear regression type-III Wald χ2 (df = 1) test for treatment effect for baseline-posttest difference (bold text indicates P < 0.05).
‡
Cohen's d for baseline-posttest difference.
§
Passive coping includes catastrophizing and/or praying.
BPI, Brief Pain Inventory; MED, morphine equivalent dose; PROMIS, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System; TAU, treatment as usual.