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. 2023 Mar 1;14:1092473. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1092473

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Autophagy was reduced in the keratinocytes and aggravated rosacea-like inflammation. (A) Expression of the autophagy markers, ATG9A, ATG10, ATG12, and PIK3C3, in the epidermis of rosacea patients and normal subjects. (B) mRNA expression levels of Becn1, Atg5, Atg10, and Atg12 in LL-37-induced mouse skin lesions. (C) Immunofluorescence analysis of LC3 in skin lesions from control mice and LL37-induced mice. Scale bar: 50 μm. (D) Representative images and HE straining of mice injected with BafA1 and/or LL-37 showing erythema on the ear. (E) Measurement of the mouse ear thickness. The mRNA expression levels of Il6, Tlr-2, and Tnf-α. (n = 5 for each group). All results are representative of at least three independent experiments. Data represent the mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test was used for statistical analyses. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001.