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. 2023 Mar 1;14:1092473. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1092473

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Copyright © 2023 Zhou, Zhong, Wang, Deng, Huang, Wang, Xie, Zhang and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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EGCG-induced autophagy in LL-37-induced HaCaT cells. (A) Immunostaining of LC3 in HaCaT keratinocytes treated with LL37 and/or EGCG for 24 h. DAPI staining (blue) indicates nuclear localization. Scale bar: 20 μm. (B) Representative immunoblot analysis of autophagy marker proteins in response to various treatments. (C) Representative TEM images showing the ultrastructure of HaCaT cells incubated with EGCG with or without BafA1 in the presence of LL-37. The red arrowheads indicate the autophagic vacuoles, respectively. AP, autophagosome; ASS, autolysosome. (D) HaCaT cells were transfected with the mCherry-GFP-LC3 plasmid and then treated with EGCG and/or BafA1 in the presence of LL-37 for 24 h. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. Scale bar: 20 μm. All results are representative of at least three independent experiments.