Table 2.
Factors associated with hopelessness in Honduran residents in the COVID-19 pandemic, in the period 2021–2022, (n = 8,125).
| Variable | Hopelessness | Type of analytical statistics | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No n (%) | Yes n (%) | Bivariate | Multivariate | |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 2,616 (91.8) | 235 (8.2) | Comparison cat. | Comparison cat. |
| Female | 4,922 (93.3) | 351 (6.7) | 0.81 (0.69–0.95) 0.008 | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) 0.004 |
| Age (years completed) | 34 (26–47) | 37 (26–51) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) <0.001 | 0.99 (0.99–1.01) 0.554 |
| Education level | ||||
| High school or less | 5,163 (90.9) | 515 (9.1) | Comparison cat. | Comparison cat. |
| University or more | 2,375 (97.1) | 71 (2.9) | 0.32 (0.25–0.41) <0.001 | 0.32 (0.25–0.41) <0.001 |
| Infected with COVID-19 | ||||
| No | 4,682 (92.4) | 383 (7.6) | Comparison cat. | Did not enter the model |
| Yes | 2,856 (93.4) | 203 (6.6) | 0.88 (0.74–1.03) 0.119 | Did not enter the model |
| Family member died from COVID-19 | ||||
| No | 6,145 (93.3) | 441 (6.7) | Comparison cat. | Comparison cat. |
| Yes | 1,393 (90.6) | 145 (9.4) | 1.41 (1.18–1.68) <0.001 | 1.37 (1.15–1.64) <0.001 |
| Arterial hypertension | ||||
| No | 6,051 (93.6) | 413 (6.4) | Comparison cat. | Comparison cat. |
| Yes | 1,487 (89.6) | 173 (10.4) | 1.63 (1.38–1.93) <0.001 | 1.20 (0.97–1.48) 0.088 |
| Obesity | ||||
| No | 6,373 (93.2) | 462 (6.8) | Comparison cat. | Comparison cat. |
| Yes | 1,165 (90.4) | 124 (9.6) | 1.42 (1.18–1.72) <0.001 | 1.18 (0.97–1.44) 0.097 |
| Diabetes mellitus | ||||
| No | 6,896 (93.5) | 476 (6.5) | Comparison cat. | Comparison cat. |
| Yes | 642 (85.4) | 110 (14.6) | 2.27 (1.87–2.75) <0.001 | 1.81 (1.46–2.25) <0.001 |
| Mental illness | ||||
| No | 7,388 (93.1) | 547 (6.9) | Comparison cat. | Comparison cat. |
| Yes | 150 (79.4) | 39 (20.6) | 2.99 (2.24–4.00) <0.001 | 3.30 (2.49–4.38) <0.001 |
| Alcohol in last 6 months | ||||
| No | 5,406 (93.1) | 403 (6.9) | Comparison cat. | Did not enter the model |
| Yes | 2,132 (92.1) | 183 (7.9) | 1.14 (0.96–1.35) 0.128 | Did not enter the model |
| Drugs in last 6 months | ||||
| No | 7,359 (93.0) | 552 (7.0) | Comparison cat. | Comparison cat. |
| Yes | 179 (84.0) | 34 (16.0) | 2.29 (1.66–3.15) <0.001 | 2.30 (1.67–3.15) <0.001 |
*Variable taken as quantitative. For analytical statistics, prevalence ratios (left of parentheses), 95% confidence intervals (within parentheses) and p values (right of parentheses), obtained with the generalized linear models (Poisson family, log link function and models for robust variances) are shown.