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. 2023 Mar 14;257(4):81. doi: 10.1007/s00425-023-04115-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Spectral vegetation indices at a the canopy and b leaf levels in five durum wheat varieties (MEX, Mexa; EUR, Euroduro; DRI, Don Ricardo; KNI, Kiko Nick; HAR, Haristide) under rainfed and irrigated conditions. a A GreenSeeker spectroradiometer was used to determine the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at six growth stages: tillering, stem elongation, flag leaf sheath extension, boot swollen, ear emergence, anthesis, and mid-grain filling (Zadoks 25, 35, 40, 45, 55 and 65, respectively); while b a DUALEX leaf-clip sensor estimated the chlorophyll (Chl), flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents and the N balanced index (NBI) at ear emergence, anthesis and mid-grain filling stages. All values are dimensionless, specific for each device. For each comparison of means, letters are significantly different (ns, not significant; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; two-way ANOVA, TUKEY test)