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. 2023 Mar 14;14:1426. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37066-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a High-resolution XPS spectra of Co 2p for Co HSACs. b The normalized K-edge XANES spectra. c EXAFS spectra (without phase correction) of Co HSACs, CoPc, and reference samples. d Wavelet transform (WT) for the k³-weighted EXAFS signals. e FT-EXAFS fitting spectra for Co HSACs in R space. f Comparison between the Co K-edge XANES experimental spectra and the theoretical spectra calculated with the depicted structure (inset) for HSACs. g Normalized operando Co K-edge XANES spectra for Co HSACs at various biases (applied voltage vs RHE) in 0.1 M KOH solution at room temperature in 1 atm of O₂. The inset shows the enlarged Co K-edge XANES spectra. h Fourier transform magnitudes of EXAFS spectra (without phase correction) of Co HSACs under various biases. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.