Table 3.
Viruses inhibit SG formation.
| Species | Type | Mechanism of inhibition | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|
| CHIKV | (+) ssRNA | GADD34 to enhance the dephosphorylation of elF2α | Clavarino et al. (2012) |
| CVB3 | (+) ssRNA | G3BP1 cleavage | Fung et al. (2013) |
| DENV | (+) ssRNA | recruit TIA/TIAR to replication complexes | Emara and Brinton (2007) |
| EBOV | (−) ssRNA | Inhibition of PKR pathway by VP35 | Le Sage et al. (2017) |
| EMCV | (+) ssRNA | G3BP1 cleavage | Ng et al. (2013) |
| FCV | (+) ssRNA | The viral protease NSP6 to cleave G3BP1 | Humoud et al. (2016) |
| FMDV | (+) ssRNA | L protein to stably interact with G3BP1 | Visser et al. (2019) |
| HCMV | dsDNA | Encodement of pTRS1 to interact with PKR | Vincent et al. (2017) |
| HIV-1 | ssRNA-RT | Assembly of SHRNP | Abrahamyan et al. (2010) |
| HSV | dsDNA | Inhibition of PERK activation and elF2α phosphorylation by surface glycoprotein gB; UL41 interferes with SG formation through its endoribonuclease activity | Mulvey et al. (2007) and Finnen et al. (2016) |
| HTLV-1 | ssRNA-RT | Interaction with HDAC6 through Tax | Legros et al. (2011) |
| IAV | (−) ssRNA | Inhibition of PKR activation by NS1; Regulation of SGs assembly by DDX3X | Khaperskyy et al. (2012), Khaperskyy et al. (2014) and Kesavardhana et al. (2021) |
| IBV | (+) ssRNA | Inhibition of PKR activation through NSP2；Up-regulation of GADD34；Increase dephosphorylated activity of PP1 | Wang et al. (2009) and Burgess and Mohr (2018) |
| JEV | (+) ssRNA | G3BP1 isolation and interaction with CAPRIN1 | Katoh et al. (2013) |
| KSHV | dsDNA | Expression of ORF57 to bind to PKR | Sharma et al. (2017) and Sharma and Zheng (2021) |
| Mengovirus | (+) ssRNA | PKR-dependent aggregation of G3BP1 by L protein | Reineke et al. (2015) |
| MERS-CoV | (+) ssRNA | Inhibition of PKR-mediated elF2α phosphorylation | Nakagawa et al. (2018) |
| MeV | (−) ssRNA | Inhibition of PKR-dependent SG aggregation by protein-C | Randall and Goodbourn (2008) |
| PRV | dsRNA | Dephosphorylation of elF2α | Xu et al. (2020) |
| Rotavirus | dsRNA | Block the PKR-eIF2α phosphorylation; Transferation of PABP from cytoplasm to nucleus | Montero et al. (2008), Lopez and Arias (2012) and Dhillon and Rao (2018) |
| SARS-CoV-2 | (+) ssRNA | The N protein attenuates SG formation by localizing to the SGs and sequestering G3BP1/2 from their interacting proteins | Bouhaddou et al. (2020) and Gordon et al. (2020b) |
| SEV | ssRNA-RT | The transcription product interacts with TIAR to inhibit the generation of SGs | Iseni et al. (2002) |
| TMEV | (+) ssRNA | Expression of leader (L) protein to stably interact with G3BP1 | Borghese and Michiels (2011) |
| WNV | (+) ssRNA | Interaction with TIA-1 and TIAR to inhibit SG formation | Li et al. (2002) and Emara and Brinton (2007) |
| ZIKV | (+) ssRNA | Hijack of G3BP1 and CAPRIN1 | Hou et al. (2017) |