TABLE 2.

Antimicrobial effects and susceptibility testing by FCM in bacteria

Antibiotic	Organism(s)	Time to results (h)	Dye	Parameter(s) studied	Reference(s)
Amoxicillin	E. coli	1–2	PI + FITC	DNA and protein content	86
Ampicillin	E. coli	1–3	PI	Morphology, membrane effects	108
	E. coli, K. pneumoniae	1	Ethidium bromide + mithramycin	Light scattering, morphology, DNA content	330
	E. coli	0.5	Oxonol	Light scattering, membrane effects	200
Azithromycin	E. coli	<1	Oxonol	Viable cells	150
	R. tsutsugamushi	72	FITC	Stained bacterial cells	160
Benzylpenicillin	S. aureus, MRSAa	2–4	Oxonol	Membrane effects	310
	E. coli	4	Mithramycin + ethidium bromide + FITC	Morphology, DNA and protein content	37
Cefamandole	E. coli	<0.5	Ethidium bromide	Light scattering, DNA content	198
Cefazoline	E. coli	<0.5	Ethidium bromide	Light scattering, DNA content	198
Cefotaxime	E. coli	1–3	PI	Light scattering, morphology, membrane effects	108
Ceftazidime	E. coli	0.5–1	Ethidium bromide + mithramycin	Light scattering, morphology, DNA content	331
Cefuroxime	E. coli	<1	Oxonol	Viable cells	150
Chloramphenicol	E. coli	<2	Mithramycin	DNA content	302
	E. coli	1–2	PI + FITC	DNA and protein content	86
Ciprofloxacin	E. coli	1–3	PI	Light scattering, morphology, membrane effects	108
	E. coli	<6	PI + cyanoditodyl tetrazolium chloride	Membrane effects, viable cells	201
	E. coli	0.5–1	Ethidium bromide + mithramycin	Light scattering, morphology, DNA content	331
	E. coli	1–2	PI + FITC	DNA and protein content	86
	Mycobacterium spp.	6–24	FDA	Viable cells, metabolic status	36
	E. coli	0.5–1	Oxonol	Light scattering, membrane effects, viable cells	150, 200
Clarithromycin	Mycobacterium spp.	6–24	FDA	Cell viability, metabolic status	36
Doxycycline	C. trachomatis	48	FITC-antibody	Antibody binding	75
	R. tsutsugamushi	72	FITC	Stained bacterial cells	160
	E. coli	<2	Mithramycin	DNA content	302
Erythromycin	C. trachomatis	48	FITC-antibody	Antibody binding	75
	Mycobacterium spp.	6–24	FDA	Cell viability, metabolic status	36
	E. coli	<2	Mithraymcin	DNA content	302
Ethambutol	M. tuberculosis	24	FDA	Viable cells, metabolic status	231
	M. tuberculosis	≤24	FDA	Viable cells, metabolic status	164
Formaldehyde	E. coli	1	PI SYTO-13	Membrane effects, DNA content	59
Gentamicin	E. coli	1–3	PI	Light scattering, morphology, membrane effects	108
	E. coli	0.5–1	Ethidium bromide + mithramycin	Light scattering, morphology, DNA content	330
	E. coli	0.5	Oxonol	Light scattering, membrane effects	200
	E. coli	1	Acridine orange	Membrane effects, nucleic acid staining	202
Gramicidin	E. coli	1	Propidium iodide + SYTO-13	Membrane effects, DNA content	125
Isoniazid	Mycobacterium spp.	24–72	Auramine	Microencapsulated bacteria colony growth	283
	M. tuberculosis	24	FDA	Viable cells, metabolic status	231
	M. tuberculosis	≤24	FDA	Viable cells, metabolic status	164
Kanamycin	Mycobacterium spp.	6–24	FDA	Viable cells, metabolic status	36
Mecilinam	E. coli	1–3	PI	Light scattering, morphology, membrane effects	108
	E. coli	1–2	PI + FITC	DNA and protein content	86
Methicillin	S. aureus, MRSA	2–4	Oxonol	Membrane effects	310
Moxalactam	E. coli	<0.5	Ethidium bromide	Light scattering, DNA content	198
Ofloxacin	C. trachomatis	48	FITC-antibody	Antibody binding	75
Oxacillin	S. aureus	2	DIOC5(3)	Membrane effects	237
Penicillin	S. aureus	2	DIOC5(3)	Membrane effects	237
Rifampin	Mycobacterium spp.	6–24	FDA	Viable cells, metabolic status	36
	M. tuberculosis	≤24	FDA	Viable cells, metabolic status
	Mycobacterium spp.	24–72	Auramine	Microencapsulated bacteria colony growth	283
	M. tuberculosis	24	FDA	Viable cells, metabolic status	231
Streptomycin	M. tuberculosis	24	FDA	Viable cells, metabolic status	231
	E. coli	<2	Mithraymcin	DNA content	302
Surfactants	E. coli	1	Rhodamine + SYTO-13, oxonol + SYTO-17	Membrane effects, DNA content	59, 125
Thrimethoprim	E. coli	1–2	PI + FITC	DNA and protein content	86
Tobramycin	Mycobacterium spp.	6–24	FDA	Viable cells, metabolic status	36
Vancomycin	S. aureus, MRSA	2–4	Oxonol	Membrane effects	310
	Enterococcus spp., E. coli	0.5–2	Baclight kit (Molecular Probes.)	Live and dead cells	This work

^aMRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus.