. 2023 Mar 1;14:1089067. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1089067

Table 3.

Shows the metabolic values in the eight brain regions analyzed in the three groups.

Brain region	Metabolite (mmol/l)	Healthy control	Unipolar depression	Bipolar disorder
Anterior cingulate cortex	NAA	10.99 ± 0.15	7.85 ± 0.36^*	8.37 ± 0.39^*
	Ins	10.30 ± 0.63	7.38 ± 0.48^*	7.56 ± 0.74^*
	Cho	2.95 ± 0.11	3.23 ± 0.35	4.68 ± 0.37^*α
	Glu	11.69 ± 0.70	8.66 ± 0.47^*	11.16 ± 0.54^α
	Glx	13.62 ± 1.04	13.71 ± 0.97	14.26 ± 1.15
Posterior cingulate cortex	NAA	15.46 ± 1.17	12.34 ± 1.13	17.01 ± 2.04
	Ins	7.80 ± 0.66	6.36 ± 0.52	9.45 ± 1.03^α
	Cho	1.96 ± 0.15	1.46 ± 0.26	2.98 ± 0.68^*α
	Glu	15.98 ± 0.71	14.26 ± 1.30	17.15 ± 2.01
	Glx	20.48 ± 1.39	18.64 ± 1.04	19.71 ± 2.03
Left ventral prefrontal white matter	NAA	10.05 ± 0.35	7.56 ± 0.47^*	8.14 ± 0.25^*
	Ins	8.32 ± 0.68	7.04 ± 0.32^*	6.94 ± 0.35^*
	Cho	2.95 ± 0.11	3.07 ± 0.45	4.66 ± 0.27^*α
	Glu	8.99 ± 0.73	7.16 ± 0.59^*	10.42 ± 0.54^*α
	Glx	12.52 ± 1.32	12.15 ± 0.67	13.56 ± 1.03
Right ventral prefrontal white matter	NAA	12.52 ± 0.75	8.97 ± 0.86^*	10.02 ± 0.23^*
	Ins	8.17 ± 0.64	6.85 ± 0.30^*	7.02 ± 0.60^*
	Cho	2.65 ± 0.20	2.02 ± 0.29	2.39 ± 0.19
	Glu	8.35 ± 0.57	7.47 ± 0.73	9.67 ± 0.36^*α
	Glx	12.68 ± 1.41	10.68 ± 0.45	14.08 ± 1.25
Left basal ganglia	NAA	12.46 ± 0.56	10.16 ± 0.67^*	10.35 ± 0.44^*
	Ins	8.37 ± 0.52	5.70 ± 0.58^*	6.77 ± 1.05^*
	Cho	2.65 ± 0.20	2.34 ± 0.26	2.59 ± 0.23
	Glu	12.31 ± 0.92	11.04 ± 0.84	12.68 ± 0.34
	Glx	15.03 ± 1.50	14.96 ± 1.26	17.65 ± 0.64^*
Right basal ganglia	NAA	14.67 ± 0.43	11.56 ± 0.45^*	12.03 ± 1.14^*
	Ins	9.24 ± 0.71	7.15 ± 0.85^*	7.23 ± 0.92^*
	Cho	3.85 ± 0.96	2.98 ± 0.74	2.69 ± 0.63
	Glu	13.34 ± 0.77	12.42 ± 1.11	11.02 ± 0.80^*
	Glx	15.49 ± 0.76	13.96 ± 1.26	16.13 ± 0.49
Left dorsal thalamus	NAA	15.71 ± 1.51	12.09 ± 0.54^*	12.21 ± 0.47^*
	Ins	9.74 ± 0.22	7.25 ± 0.41^*	7.96 ± 0.19
	Cho	3.22 ± 0.50	2.91 ± 0.27	2.64 ± 0.56^*
	Glu	14.53 ± 0.32	11.21 ± 0.36^*	12.92 ± 0.68
	Glx	19.49 ± 0.96	15.69 ± 0.65^*	16.74 ± 0.61^*
Right dorsal thalamus	NAA	15.45 ± 0.72	12.38 ± 0.47^*	12.06 ± 0.74^*
	Ins	9.73 ± 0.86	7.16 ± 0.44^*	8.85 ± 0.48
	Cho	3.43 ± 0.16	2.36 ± 0.46^*	2.8 ± 0.45
	Glu	14.68 ± 0.71	11.46 ± 0.58^*	11.34 ± 0.63^*
	Glx	18.85 ± 1.03	15.88 ± 1.13^*	15.06 ± 1.26^*

p < 0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference compared with the healthy control.

^α

p < 0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference compared with the unipolar depression group.