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. 2023 Mar 15;54(3):197–210. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.03.003

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© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS).

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Poor outcome in middle–aged patients is related to myeloid emergency hematopoiesis at the expense of innate immune response effector cells. Immune cell populations were evaluated in middle–aged patients by flow cytometry at admission, 7 days and 4 weeks later. In contrast to survivor patients, significant decrease in lymphocytes, monocytes, NK cells, pDC, CD11c⁺ DC (cDC2), basophils and functional neutrophils and monocytes is observed in non–survivors. CD16 and HLA–DR expression levels in neutrophils and monocytes, respectively, in poor outcome patients are shown A. Chronic comorbidities contribute to the pathogenic myeloid emergency hematopoiesis along to a defective lymphoid emergency compartment in middle aged COVID–19 patients. Hematological cell frequencies and CD16 and HLA–DR expression levels in neutrophils and monocytes, respectively, in COVID–19 survivors with no comorbidities are compared to their counterpart in non–survivors with comorbidities, at admission and upon 7 days of hospitalization. Healthy donor values are shown as control. Myeloid– and lymphoid– lineage cells related to emergency hematopoiesis are shown in B. MFI, median fluorescence intensity; d, days; Conval, convalescence.

Poor outcome in middle–aged patients is related to myeloid emergency hematopoiesis at the expense of innate immune response effector cells. Immune cell populations were evaluated in middle–aged patients by flow cytometry at admission, 7 days and 4 weeks later. In contrast to survivor patients, significant decrease in lymphocytes, monocytes, NK cells, pDC, CD11c⁺ DC (cDC2), basophils and functional neutrophils and monocytes is observed in non–survivors. CD16 and HLA–DR expression levels in neutrophils and monocytes, respectively, in poor outcome patients are shown A. Chronic comorbidities contribute to the pathogenic myeloid emergency hematopoiesis along to a defective lymphoid emergency compartment in middle aged COVID–19 patients. Hematological cell frequencies and CD16 and HLA–DR expression levels in neutrophils and monocytes, respectively, in COVID–19 survivors with no comorbidities are compared to their counterpart in non–survivors with comorbidities, at admission and upon 7 days of hospitalization. Healthy donor values are shown as control. Myeloid– and lymphoid– lineage cells related to emergency hematopoiesis are shown in B. MFI, median fluorescence intensity; d, days; Conval, convalescence.