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. 2023 Mar 15;16(6):1173–1183. doi: 10.1007/s11869-023-01333-0

Table 2.

Regression Results of the Increase in Average PM2.5 (µg/m3) in Alternative Models

Train type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Empty Coal 2.27* 5.64*** 0.96 1.10 5.84*** 2.19 6.41***
Freight 4.50*** 7.49*** 2.78*** 3.05*** 7.80*** 5.07*** 6.53***
Full Coal 6.79*** 9.71*** 5.09*** 5.20*** 10.00*** 12.12*** 8.32***
R2 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.16 0.20 0.53
n 2829 2829 2829 2829 2829 1330 2829

*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1

Models are: (1) Basic (2) Basic + temperature (3) Basic + humidity 4) Basic + humidity + negatives = 0 (5) Basic + dew point (6) wind speed < mean (7) Calibrated monitor. (Note: Basic model includes wind speed, train speed and a binary variable for each train type, no constant)