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. 2023 Feb 20;42(6):e112067. doi: 10.15252/embj.2022112067

Figure 1. Hypoxia‐Induced Factor (HIF) regulation under normoxia and hypoxia.

Figure 1

In the presence of oxygen, HIF‐1α and/or HIF‐2α subunits are hydroxylated on proline‐402 and proline‐564 by HIF Prolyl Hydroxylases (PHD). Hydroxylated HIF is bound by von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) and subsequently ubiquitinated marking HIF for proteasomal degradation. In the absence of oxygen, HIF is not hydroxylated and translocated into the nucleus. In the nucleus, HIF forms a complex with aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) and subsequently binds to the hypoxia response elements (HRE) in the regulatory regions of genes.