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. 2023 Feb 20;42(6):e112067. doi: 10.15252/embj.2022112067

Figure 3. Regulation of glucose metabolism by HIF.

Figure 3

HIF increases the expression of a majority of genes involved in glucose import, glycolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Additionally, HIF increases expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK), which inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity subsequently reducing glucose entry into the mitochondria. Glycolysis: (enzymes) GLUT1, glucose transporter 1 or SLC2A1; HK, hexokinase; PGI, phosphoglucose isomerase; PFK1, phosphofructokinase 1; ALDOA, aldolase A; TPI, triosephosphate isomerase; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase; PGK1, phosphoglycerate kinase 1; PGM, phosphoglucomutase 1; ENO, enolase; PK, pyruvate kinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; (metabolites) GLC, glucose; G6P, glucose 6‐phosphate; F6P, fructose 6‐phosphate; FBP, fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; GAP, glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate; BPG, 1,3‐bisphosphoglycerate; 3PG, 3‐phosphoglycerate; 2PG, 2‐phosphoglycerate; PEP, phosphoenol pyruvate; PYR, pyruvic acid; LAC, lactic acid. PPP: (enzymes) G6PD, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase; GL, gluconolactonase; 6PGD, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; R5PE, ribulose‐5‐phosphate 3‐epimerase; R5PI, ribulose‐5‐phosphate isomerase; TH, transketolase; TA, transaldolase; (metabolites) 6PGL, 6‐phosphogluconolactone; 6PG, 6‐phosphogluconate; R5P, ribulose‐5‐phosphate; X5P, xylulose‐5‐phosphate; RB5P, ribose‐5‐phosphate; S7P, sedoheptulose7‐phosphate; E4P, erythrose 4‐phosphate; Mitochondria: (enzymes) PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PDK, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase; PC, pyruvate carboxylase; CS, citrate synthase; ACO, aconitase; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; OGDC, oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; SCS, succinyl coenzyme A synthetase; SDH, succinate dehydrogenase; FH, fumarate hydratase; MDH, malate dehydrogenase; GOT, glutamic‐oxaloacetic transaminase; (metabolites) AcCoA, acetyl coenzyme A; CIT, citric acid; ISO, isocitric acid; aKG, alpha‐ketoglutarate; SUC, succinic acid; SCoA, succinyl coenzyme A; FUM, fumaric acid; MAL, malic acid; OAA, oxaloacetic acid; ASP, aspartic acid.