Table 2.
Environmental and Safety Features of North-Central Wisconsin Dairy Farms, along with Univariate Associations with Medically-attended Agricultural Injuries among Dairy Farmers.
| Features | Respondents n = 620 | Univariate Association with Agricultural Injury (Yes vs. No) |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Acres in Agricultural Production | ||
| <100 | 47 (8%) | 0.47 (0.11,1.99), p = 0.303 |
| 100–499 | 459 (74%) | – ref. – |
| ≥500 | 73 (12%) | 0.61 (0.21,1.75), p = 0.356 |
| Unknown | 41 (7%) | 1.13 (0.38, 3.34), p = 0.822 |
| Milking Cows | ||
| <30 | 48 (8%) | 1.48(0.55,4.01), p = 0.438 |
| 30–99 | 426 (69%) | – ref. – |
| ≥100 | 113 (18%) | 1.37 (0.67, 2.83), p = 0.388 |
| Unknown | 33 (5%) | 1.27 (0.37,4.41), p = 0.702 |
| Number of Workers | ||
| 1 | 102 (16%) | – ref. – |
| 2–3 | 238 (38%) | 1.47 (0.57,3.77), p = 0.425 |
| ≥4 | 224 (36%) | 1.57(0.61, 4.03), p = 0350 |
| Unknown | 56 (9%) | 1.23 (033,4.56), p = 0.756 |
| Number of Tractors | ||
| 0–3 | 129 (21%) | 0.41 (0.15,1.08), p = 0.070 |
| 4–6 | 322 (52%) | – ref. – |
| ≥7 | 136 (22%) | 0.98 (0.48,1.98), p = 0.950 |
| Unknown | 33 (5%) | 1.39 (0.46, 4.24), p = 0.559 |
| Rollover Protections Used On | ||
| No Tractors | 82 (13%) | – ref. – |
| Some Tractors | 402 (65%) | 1.06 (0.43, 2.63), p = 0.903 |
| All Tractors | 95 (15%) | 1.33 (0.45, 3.90), p = 0.608 |
| Unknown | 41 (7%) | 1.37 (036, 5.15), p = 0.642 |
| Machinery and Equipment | ||
| All-Terrain Vehicle | 410 (66%) | 1.69 (0.86, 330), p = 0.128 |
| Dump/Grain Truck | 87 (14%) | 0.51 (0.18,1.46), p = 0.208 |
| Hay Baler | 458 (74%) | 1.46 (0.71, 2.98), p = 0306 |
| Skid Steer | 430 (69%) | 1.28 (0.67, 2.47), p = 0.459 |
| End Loader | 278 (45%) | 1.25 (0.70, 2.23), p = 0.445 |
| Combine | 224 (36%) | 0.90 (0.49,1.66), p = 0.744 |
| Corn Picker | 93 (15%) | 0.92 (0.40, 2.10), p = 0.836 |
| Sprayer | 199 (32%) | 1.00 (0.54,1.85), p = 0.988 |
| Chisel Plow | 375 (60%) | 0.98 (0.54,1.77), p = 0.942 |
| Mower | 510 (82%) | 1.64(0.68, 3.94), p = 0.272 |
| Seed Drill | 504 (81%) | 2.18 (0.84, 5.61), p = 0.108 |
| Feed Mixer | 268 (43%) | 1.13 (0.63, 2.02), p = 0.680 |
| Feed Storage Facilities | ||
| Upright Silo | 484 (78%) | 1.52 (0.70, 3.32), p = 0.293 |
| Bunker Silo | 65 (10%) | 1.71 (0.77,3.83), p = 0.189 |
| Corn Crib | 63 (10%) | 0.54(0.16,1.80), p = 0317 |
| Open Building | 40 (6%) | 1.29 (0.44, 3.78), p = 0.643 |
| Closed Building | 109 (18%) | 0.75 (033,1.77), p = 0.490 |
| Silo Bags | 312 (50%) | 0.90 (0.51,1.61), p = 0.732 |
| Bin/tank | 246 (40%) | 0.77 (0.42,1.41), p = 0393 |
| Other | 69 (11%) | 1.87 (0.86, 4.03), p = 0.112 |
| Milking Method | ||
| Step-up/walkthrough/tie stall/stanchion | 478 (77%) | 0.96 (0.53,1.73), p = 0.884 |
| Parlor | 88 (14%) | 1.22 (0.69, 2.19), p = 0.494 |
| Other | 58 (9%) | 0.83 (0.29, 2.40), p = 0.732 |
| Manure Handling/Storage | ||
| Gutter | 378 (61%) | 0.96 (0.53,1.73), p = 0.884 |
| Pit | 306 (49%) | 1.22 (0.69, 2.19), p = 0.494 |
| Lot | 61 (10%) | 0.56 (0.17,1.87), p = 0348 |
| Pasture | 61 (10%) | 0.78 (0.27, 2.25), p = 0.650 |
| Manual | 45 (7%) | 0.51 (0.12, 2.17), p = 0.363 |
| Other | 52 (8%) | 1.24(0.47,3.27), p = 0.668 |
| Farm Safety Managed By | ||
| Shared (Self plus Staff) | 237 (38%) | – ref. – |
| Self Only | 277 (45%) | 0.93 (0.51,1.70), p = 0.807 |
| Nobody | 35 (6%) | 0.29 (0.04, 2.20), p = 0.230 |
| Unknown | 71 (11%) | 0.43 (0.13,1.49), p = 0.182 |
| Safety Training | ||
| Features | Respondents n = 620 | Univariate Association with Agricultural Injury (Yes vs. No) |
| Provided to All Workers | 85 (14%) | – ref. – |
| Not Provided to All Workers | 445 (72%) | 4.21 (1.00.17.76), p=0.050 |
| Unknown | 90 (15%) | 3.50 (0.71,1735), p = 0.125 |
| Protective Equipment Supplied to Workers | ||
| Gloves | 453 (73%) | 0.85 (0.45,1.60), p = 0.611 |
| Masks | 325(52%) | 0.98 (0.55,1.75), p = 0.951 |
| Eye Protection | 281 (45%) | 134(0.75, 2.39), p = 0324 |
| Hearing Protection | 273 (44%) | 0.84(0.46,1.51), p = 0.550 |
| Helmets | 62 (10%) | 035 (0.08,1.50), p = 0.158 |
| Respirators | 51 (8%) | 0.44(0.11,1.88), p = 0.269 |
| Coveralls | 85 (14%) | 0.53 (0.18,1.50), p = 0.228 |
| Rubber Boots | 292 (47%) | 0.61 (033,1.11), p = 0.104 |
Values in second column are reported as frequency (% of respondents). Some values do not sum to 100% because multiple responses could be selected.
Values in last column are reported as odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of injured vs. not injured. Values less than 1 indicate that, relative to the reference category, the odds of injury decreased.
Bolded variables were considered for entry into the final multivariable analysis because their univariate association was p < 0.10.