Table 2.
Maternal physical and medical health during pregnancy (n=220).
| Variables | Case (72) n (%) | Control (148) n (%) | Total | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iron, calcium and vitamin D use | ||||
| Yes, not daily | 42 (58.3) | 21 (14.2) | 63 (28.6) | <0.001 |
| Yes, daily | 30 (41.7) | 127 (85.8) | 157 (71.4) | |
| Maternal weight gain (kg) | ||||
| 6–10 | 23 (31.9) | 35 (23.6) | 58 (26.4) | 0.001 |
| 11–16 | 30 (41.7) | 98 (66.2) | 128 (58.2) | |
| >16 | 19 (26.4) | 15 (10.1) | 34 (15.4) | |
| Prenatal visits | ||||
| 1–3 | 4 (5.6) | 3 (2.0) | 7 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| 4–7 | 28 (38.9) | 25 (16.9) | 53 (24.1) | |
| >7 | 40 (55.6) | 120 (81.1) | 160 (72.7) | |
| Maternal anemia | ||||
| Yes | 45 (62.5) | 20 (13.5) | 65 (29.5) | <0.001 |
| No | 27 (37.5) | 128 (86.5) | 155 (70.5) | |
| Regularly medications | ||||
| Yes | 4 (5.6) | 4 (2.7) | 8 (3.6) | 0.289 |
| No | 68 (94.4) | 144 (97.3) | 212 (96.4) | |
| Healthy food intake | ||||
| Yes | 19 (26.4) | 116 (78.4) | 135 (61.4) | <0.001 |
| No | 53 (73.6) | 32 (21.6) | 85 (38.6) | |
| Sleeping well | ||||
| Yes | 36 (50.0) | 80 (54.1) | 116 (52.7) | 0.572 |
| No | 36 (50.0) | 68 (45.9) | 104 (47.3) | |
| Rupture of Membrane | ||||
| Yes | 59 (83.1) | 136 (91.9) | 24 (11.0) | 0.051 |
| No | 12 (16.9) | 12 (8.1) | 195 (89.0) | |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 4 (5.6) | 7 (4.7) | 11 (5.0) | 0.792 |
| No | 68 (94.4) | 141 (95.3) | 209 (95.0) | |
| Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) | ||||
| Yes | 16 (22.5) | 19 (12.8) | 35 (16.0) | 0.067 |
| No | 55 (77.5) | 129 (87.2) | 184 (84.0) | |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 11 (15.3) | 8 (5.4) | 19 (8.6) | 0.014 |
| No | 61 (84.7) | 140 (94.6) | 201 (91.4) | |
| Asthma | ||||
| Yes | 4 (5.6) | 3 (2.0) | 7 (3.2) | 0.156 |
| No | 67 (94.4) | 145 (98.0) | 212 (96.8) | |
| Rheumatic disease | ||||
| Yes | 3 (4.2) | 8 (5.4) | 11 (5.0) | 0.708 |
| No | 68 (95.8) | 140 (94.6) | 208 (95.0) | |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | ||||
| Yes | 3 (4.2) | 3 (2.0) | 6 (2.7) | 0.361 |
| No | 69 (95.8) | 145 (98.0) | 214 (97.3) | |
| Other medical condition | ||||
| Yes | 2 (2.8) | 9 (6.1) | 11 (5.0) | 0.291 |
| No | 70 (97.2) | 139 (93.9) | 209 (95.0) | |