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. 2023 Mar 15;21:26. doi: 10.1186/s12958-023-01080-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — The forest plots of IVF outcomes in relation to the levels of sperm DFI and the studied routine semen parameters. Abbreviations: DFI, DNA fragmentation index; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; AMH, Anti-Mullerian hormone; E2, Estradiol; FSH, Follicle-stimulating hormone. Notes: Model 1 was adjusted for duration of attempt to conceive, female age, male age, female BMI, and male BMI. Model 2 was further adjusted for controlled ovulation stimulation protocols, AMH, E2, FSH, endometrial thickness, and numbers of oocytes retrieved