Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the study population (N = 1,310,807) at birth stratified by disease status
| Characteristics | Presence of gestational diabetes N = 68,860 |
Absence of gestational diabetes N = 1,241,947 |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic & behavioural factors | ||
| Maternal age, years (Mean ± SD) | 32.72 ± 5.06 | 30.14 ± 5.43 |
| Gestational age, weeks (Mean ± SD) | 38.22 ± 1.60 | 38.91 ± 1.78 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (Mean ± SD) | 28.50 ± 8.10 | 25.71 ± 7.09 |
| Parity | ||
| 0 | 16,359 (38.7%) | 555,150 (44.7%) |
| 1 | 15,564 (36.9%) | 452,069 (36.4%) |
| ≥ 2 | 10,304 (24.4%) | 234,728 (18.9%) |
| Smoking Status During Pregnancy | ||
| Missing | 1,079 (1.6%) | 12,996 (1.0%) |
| No | 62,135 (90.2%) | 1,093,557 (88.1%) |
| Yes | 5,646 (8.2%) | 135,394 (10.9%) |
| Maternal pre-existing conditions | ||
| Asthma | 2,249 (3.3%) | 44,090 (3.6%) |
| Hypertension | 1,269 (1.8%) | 7,889 (0.6%) |
| Neighbourhood socio-economic factors | ||
| Instability | ||
| Missing | 1,052 (1.5%) | 14,516 (1.2%) |
| 1st quintile | 17,540 (25.5%) | 264,609 (21.3%) |
| 2nd quintile | 11,721 (17.0%) | 231,123 (18.6%) |
| 3rd quintile | 10,751 (15.6%) | 215,826 (17.4%) |
| 4th quintile | 12,072 (17.5%) | 232,501 (18.7%) |
| 5th quintile | 15,724 (22.8%) | 283,372 (22.8%) |
| Dependency | ||
| Missing | 1,052 (1.5%) | 14,516 (1.2%) |
| 1st quintile | 25,234 (36.6%) | 403,903 (32.5%) |
| 2nd quintile | 15,262 (22.2%) | 265,568 (21.4%) |
| 3rd quintile | 11,168 (16.2%) | 214,494 (17.3%) |
| 4th quintile | 8,889 (12.9%) | 183,931 (14.8%) |
| 5th quintile | 7,255 (10.5%) | 159,535 (12.8%) |
| Deprivation | ||
| Missing | 1,052 (1.5%) | 14,516 (1.2%) |
| 1st quintile | 10,351 (15.0%) | 236,802 (19.1%) |
| 2nd quintile | 10,952 (15.9%) | 228,773 (18.4%) |
| 3rd quintile | 12,521 (18.2%) | 231,539 (18.6%) |
| 4th quintile | 14,502 (21.1%) | 237,554 (19.1%) |
| 5th quintile | 19,482 (28.3%) | 292,763 (23.6%) |
| Ethnic Concentration | ||
| Missing | 1,052 (1.5%) | 14,516 (1.2%) |
| 1st quintile | 5,725 (8.3%) | 162,917 (13.1%) |
| 2nd quintile | 6,656 (9.7%) | 180,767 (14.6%) |
| 3rd quintile | 8,532 (12.4%) | 205,411 (16.5%) |
| 4th quintile | 13,180 (19.1%) | 260,678 (21.0%) |
| 5th quintile | 33,715 (49.0%) | 417,658 (33.6%) |
| Geographical & Environmental factors | ||
| Community Size | ||
| ≥ 1 500 000 | 40,033 (58.1%) | 564,514 (45.5%) |
| 500 000–1 499 999 | 8,001 (11.6%) | 167,535 (13.5%) |
| 100 000–499 999 | 13,100 (19.0%) | 292,069 (23.5%) |
| 10 000–99 999 | 3,075 (4.5%) | 91,510 (7.4%) |
| < 10 000 | 4,621 (6.7%) | 125,945 (10.1%) |
| Missing | 30 (0.0%) | 374 (0.0%) |
| Greater Toronto Area residence | ||
| Yes | 28,008 (66.3%) | 690,523 (55.6%) |
| No | 14,219 (33.7%) | 551,424 (44.4%) |
| Active Living Environment (Mean ± SD) | 1.25 ± 3.52 | 0.69 ± 2.96 |
| PM2.5, µg/m3 (Mean ± SD) | 8.09 ± 1.58 | 7.97 ± 1.72 |
| NO2, ppb (Mean ± SD) | 13.23 ± 5.59 | 11.36 ± 5.40 |
| O3, ppb (Mean ± SD) | 48.32 ± 4.93 | 48.45 ± 4.92 |
| NDVI (Mean ± SD) | 0.69 ± 0.08 | 0.69 ± 0.08 |
| Segmented GVI (Mean ± SD) | 13.45 ± 8.05 | 13.95 ± 8.44 |
| Ambient temperature | 8.59 ± 3.06 | 8.30 ± 2.97 |
| Noise, dB(A) (Mean ± SD) | 59.38 ± 5.11 | 59.31 ± 5.02 |