Table 1.

Summary of the main evidences on clinical variables in patients with HF who were affected by COVID-19

Variable	Evidence
Left diastolic dysfunction	Often subclinical and reversible in early phases8 16
Left systolic dysfunction	Typical of forms with important cytokines release8 Associated with a higher need of mechanical ventilation16
Right heart dysfunction	Associated with secondary pulmonary hypertension11 Can be triggered by high positive end-expiratory pressure12
Troponin	Abnormal levels associated with pre-existing chronic heart failure3 Levels >28 ng/mL associated with “nonsurvivor” phenotypes4
NT-proBNP	Levels >900 pg/mL associated with increased mortality3 Increased in presence of myocardial injury3
ACEIs/ARBs	Associated with lower levels of troponin and NT-proBNP35 No difference in clinical course from patients not treated35 Associated with less severe disease, lower cytokines release, lower viral load36

ACEIs/ARBs, ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; NT-proBNP, N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.