Table 2. Associations of genetically predicted alcohol consumption with 24 gastrointestinal diseases in univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization analyses.
| Disease | Total cases | Total controls | UVMR | MVMR adjusted for smoking initiation | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p Value | I2 (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |||||
| Upper gastrointestinal diseases | Gastroesophageal reflux | 34,135 | 634,629 | 0.99 (0.81, 1.21) | 0.893 | 46.24 | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | 0.219 | |
| Esophageal cancer | 1130 | 702,116 | 2.86 (1.18, 6.91) | 0.020 | 22.68 | 1.28 (0.59, 2.82) | 0.533 | ||
| Gastric ulcer | 8651 | 666,879 | 1.30 (0.95, 1.77) | 0.098 | 44.96 | 1.06 (0.77, 1.47) | 0.721 | ||
| Duodenal ulcer | 5713 | 666,879 | 1.92 (1.23, 3.00) | 0.004* | 0.00 | 1.54 (1.01, 2.34) | 0.045 | ||
| Acute gastritis | 3048 | 643,478 | 0.99 (0.58, 1.69) | 0.960 | 0.00 | 0.88 (0.52, 1.48) | 0.621 | ||
| Chronic gastritis | 7975 | 643,478 | 1.33 (0.90, 1.95) | 0.147 | 77.04 | 1.33 (0.93, 1.89) | 0.115 | ||
| Gastric cancer | 1608 | 701,472 | 1.57 (0.75, 3.30) | 0.233 | 0.00 | 1.59 (0.79, 3.21) | 0.194 | ||
| Lower gastrointestinal diseases | Irritable bowel disease | 15,718 | 641,489 | 0.73 (0.57, 0.93) | 0.012 | 11.84 | 0.74 (0.57, 0.97) | 0.027 | |
| Celiac disease | 4808 | 631,700 | 0.69 (0.44, 1.07) | 0.097 | 0.00 | 1.04 (0.64, 1.68) | 0.887 | ||
| Diverticular disease | 50,065 | 587,969 | 0.95 (0.79, 1.13) | 0.553 | 67.29 | 0.94 (0.79, 1.13) | 0.527 | ||
| Crohn’s disease | 10,846 | 645,718 | 0.91 (0.62, 1.32) | 0.613 | 0.00 | 0.74 (0.53, 1.05) | 0.088 | ||
| Ulcerative colitis | 16,770 | 651,255 | 1.11 (0.82, 1.50) | 0.509 | 0.00 | 0.88 (0.67, 1.15) | 0.358 | ||
| Colorectal cancer | 9519 | 686,953 | 1.09 (0.76, 1.55) | 0.649 | 29.94 | 1.28 (0.95, 1.72) | 0.098 | ||
| Hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 3242 | 707,631 | 1.20 (0.63, 2.28) | 0.574 | 0.00 | 0.99 (0.54, 1.79) | 0.962 | |
| Alcoholic liver disease | 2955 | 680,369 | 14.35 (7.69, 26.81) | 6.32 × 10-17* | 92.68 | 9.60 (5.28, 17.46) | 1.25 × 10-13* | ||
| Cirrhosis | 5904 | 706,200 | 2.96 (1.50, 5.85) | 0.002* | 0.00 | 2.41 (1.29, 4.52) | 0.006* | ||
| Liver cancer | 714 | 702,008 | 1.16 (0.43, 3.11) | 0.775 | 0.00 | 0.76 (0.29, 2.02) | 0.585 | ||
| Cholangitis | 1708 | 664,749 | 0.96 (0.44, 2.08) | 0.912 | 0.00 | 0.72 (0.33, 1.55) | 0.397 | ||
| Cholecystitis | 5893 | 664,749 | 1.36 (0.91, 2.03) | 0.132 | 84.72 | 0.96 (0.64, 1.45) | 0.862 | ||
| Cholelithiasis | 42,510 | 664,749 | 1.02 (0.75, 1.39) | 0.878 | 0.00 | 1.03 (0.79, 1.35) | 0.801 | ||
| Acute pancreatitis | 6634 | 679,713 | 1.36 (0.91, 2.03) | 0.128 | 79.71 | 1.17 (0.78, 1.75) | 0.456 | ||
| Chronic pancreatitis | 3173 | 679,713 | 2.96 (1.80, 4.89) | 2.13 × 10-5* | 0.00 | 3.24 (1.86, 5.64) | 3.18 × 10-5** | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | 1643 | 701,472 | 0.63 (0.32, 1.26) | 0.193 | 67.21 | 0.79 (0.40, 1.56) | 0.496 | ||
| Other | Acute appendicitis | 25,361 | 690,149 | 0.80 (0.63, 1.01) | 0.063 | 0.00 | 0.77 (0.61, 0.97) | 0.024 | |
*
Significant association after multiple testing.
UVMR, univariable Mendelian randomization; MVMR, multivariable Mendelian randomization; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.