Table 2.

Behavior of bile acids and their derivatives via their associated receptors in cardiovascular disease.

Types of BA or its Derivatives	Receptors	Diseases	Roles in Diseases	REF.
UDCA	TGR5	Diabetic cardiomyopathy	Improvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress, blood glucose level and GLP-1 secretion in diabetic cardiomyopathy rats	[108]
	/	Atherosclerosis	Anti-atherosclerotic effects by reducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and pro-inflammatory responses	[122-124]
	M2/TGR5	Arrhythmia	Protection of the myocardium by antagonizing other hydrophobic BAs and cardiac wavelengths to mediate antiarrhythmic effects	[57, 130-135]
	TGR5	Heart failure	Enhancement of the adaptability of the heart to physiological, muscle strength, and hemodynamic stress	[137]
	FXR	Cirrhosis cardiomyopathy	Protection of liver cells by promoting bile flow, reducing liver enzyme levels and replacing hydrophobic BA	[10, 145]
DCA	TGR5	Myocardial infarction	Inhibition of inflammatory responses in cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts through activation of the DCA-TGR5 signaling pathway	[88, 98]
CA	PXR	Diabetic cardiomyopathy	Regulation of lipid and energy metabolism to combat high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, and increase in insulin secretion in pancreatic B cells for antidiabetic effects	[102, 103]
OCA	FXR		Improvement of metabolic abnormalities and impaired glucose tolerance, including lowering blood glucose and insulin levels and reducing body weight and heart weight,and protection against diabetic cardiomyopathy by activating the FXR-mediated Nrf2 signaling pathway	[110, 111]
INT-747		Atherosclerosis	Downregulation of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1, thereby preventing smooth muscle cell-mediated atherosclerotic effects and migration processes	[95]
			Inhibition of the accumulation of triglyceride- and phosphate-induced mineralization	[9]
INT-777	TGR5		Improvement of metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis	[71]
GUDCA	FXR		1) Improvement of cholesterol homeostasis by modulating gut microbiota, and by inhibiting foam cell formation. 2) improvement of local chronic inflammation, lipid deposition, plaque area, and plaque stability to slow the progression of atherosclerosis	[120]
CDCA			Reduces hepatic lipolysis, cholesterol levels and bile acid efflux, activates hepatic FXR-BSEP signaling and reduces atherosclerotic damage	[119]
	LXR	Diabetic cardiomyopathy	Promotion of glucose metabolism by upregulating the expression of LXRs and increasing the secretion of GLP-1 and glucagon	[106, 107]