Table 1.

Simulation training for medical emergencies provided in Japan.

Author, year	University / Clinic	Learners / Research subjects	Instructors / Supervisors	Simulators	Medical emergencies to be learned	Evaluation methods of educational effect	Remarks
Ito, 2006 [20]	Kyushu University	Dental residents	Dental anesthesiologist	CPR manikin	Cardiac arrest, foreign body airway obstruction	Questionnaire
Kishimoto et al., 2018 [15]	Osaka Dental University	Dentists, dental hygienists, nurses, dental students	Dental anesthesiologist	CPR manikin, simulation app	Vasovagal syncope, anaphylaxis	Practical test with checklist, questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale
Kubo, 2021 [33]	Private dental clinic	Dental clinic staff	Not listed	VR contents	Hyperventilation, anaphylaxis	Practical test with checklist, oral examination, written test	Introduction to the developed VR simulation training
Matsuura, 2018 [31]	Tokyo Dental College	Dental students	Dental anesthesiologist	simulation app	Vasovagal syncope, anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, ischemic heart disease	Questionnaire
Matsuura et al., 2009 [27]	Tokyo Dental College	Not listed	Dental anesthesiologist	CPR manikin	Cardiac arrest	Practical test with skill reporting system	Introduction to the developed evaluation system
Morimoto, 2006 [22]	Osaka University	Dentists, oral surgeons, dental hygienists, nurses, laboratory technicians	Dental anesthesiologist	CPR manikin, high-fidelity manikin	Cardiac arrest, foreign body airway obstruction	Not listed	Introduction to the BLS and ICLS training at the university hospital
Nogami et al., 2016 [28]	Fukuoka Dental College	Dentists with BLS healthcare provider	AHA BLS instructor	CPR manikin	Cardiac arrest	Practical test with skill reporting system	Simulation only for skill evaluation
Sakuma et al., 2005 [25]	Osaka Dental University	Dentists, dental hygienists, dental technicians, nurses, dental students, office workers	Dental anesthesiologist with AHA ACLS provider	CPR manikin	Cardiac arrest, foreign body airway obstruction	Pratical test	Introduction to the BLS training at the university hospital
Sakuma et al., 2005 [29]	Osaka Dental University	Dentists	Dental anesthesiologist with AHA ACLS provider	High-fidelity manikin, Intubation Manikin	Cardiac arrest	Pratical test	Introduction to the ICLS training at the university hospital
Sakuma et al., 2020 [26]	Osaka Dental University	Dentists, dental students, dental hygiene students	Dental anesthesiologist with AHA ACLS provider	CPR manikin	Cardiac arrest, foreign body airway obstruction	Practical test with checklist	Introduction to the BLS training at the university hospital
Sanuki et al., 2016 [32]	Nagasaki University	Dental students	Dental anesthesiologist	Simulation app	Vasovagal syncope, hyperventilation, local anesthetic toxicity, anaphylaxis	100 mm visual analog scale
Takahashi, 2006 [23]	The Nippon Dental University	Dental students, dental residents	Dental anesthesiologist, surgeon, internist, nurse	CPR manikin	Cardiac arrest	Pratical test	Introduction to the BLS and ICLS training at the university hospital
Takano, 2006 [21]	Tsurumi University	Dentists, dental hygienists, dental technicians, nurses, pharmacists, laboratory technicians, nutritionists, office workers	Dental anesthesiologist, oral surgeon	CPR manikin	Cardiac arrest, foreign body airway obstruction	Pratical test, written test, questionnaire	Introduction to the BLS training at the university hospital
Tanaka et al., 2006 [24]	Hiroshima University	Dental and medical residents	Dental anesthesiologist, emergency doctor, nurse, paramedic	CPR manikin, high-fidelity manikin	Cardiac arrest, foreign body airway obstruction	Questionnaire
Tanzawa et al., 2013 [30]	Showa University	Dental students	Dentist	Robot patient	vasovagal syncope, adrenal hypersensitivity	Practical test with checklist, questionnaire	Simulation only for skill evaluation

ACLS, advanced cardiovascular life support; AHA, American Heart Association; BLS, basic life support; CPR, cardiopulmonary resuscitation; ICLS, immediate cardiac life support: VR, virtual reality