Table 4.
VAS scores for QOL questionnaire
| Category | Group | 0 week | 4 weeks | 8 weeks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initiation of sleep | T0 (n = 19) | 5.52 ± 2.14 | 4.03 ± 1.11## | 4.31 ± 1.16# |
| T3 (n = 14) | 5.81 ± 2.32 | 4.11 ± 0.95# | 4.33 ± 1.50# | |
| T5 (n = 17) | 6.36 ± 2.14 | 4.27 ± 1.45## | 5.09 ± 1.17# | |
| Feeling of sufficient sleep | T0 (n = 19) | 4.77 ± 2.49 | 3.67 ± 1.22# | 3.90 ± 1.10 |
| T3 (n = 14) | 4.62 ± 2.71 | 3.95 ± 1.22 | 4.04 ± 1.55 | |
| T5 (n = 17) | 4.49 ± 2.54 | 3.54 ± 1.33 | 4.45 ± 1.36 | |
| Refreshment on waking up | T0 (n = 19) | 4.51 ± 2.38 | 3.73 ± 1.33 | 3.77 ± 1.14 |
| T3 (n = 14) | 5.30 ± 2.37 | 3.71 ± 1.36## | 4.01 ± 1.35# | |
| T5 (n = 17) | 4.95 ± 2.71 | 4.55 ± 1.25 | 4.76 ± 1.21* | |
| Fatigue on waking up | T0 (n = 19) | 3.86 ± 2.22 | 3.00 ± 1.29 | 3.39 ± 1.16 |
| T3 (n = 14) | 4.60 ± 2.03 | 3.41 ± 1.37# | 3.50 ± 0.94 | |
| T5 (n = 17) | 4.36 ± 2.55 | 3.86 ± 1.26 | 4.54 ± 1.30** | |
| Daytime sleepiness | T0 (n = 19) | 4.66 ± 2.39 | 3.51 ± 1.38## | 3.78 ± 1.68# |
| T3 (n = 14) | 4.74 ± 2.26 | 3.82 ± 1.33 | 3.64 ± 1.46# | |
| T5 (n = 17) | 4.42 ± 2.34 | 3.74 ± 1.42 | 4.27 ± 1.60 | |
| Stress related activities | T0 (n = 19) | 3.83 ± 1.85 | 2.71 ± 1.50## | 3.12 ± 1.29# |
| T3 (n = 14) | 3.55 ± 1.91 | 3.23 ± 1.39 | 3.44 ± 1.23 | |
| T5 (n = 17) | 4.45 ± 2.18 | 3.56 ± 1.30 | 3.94 ± 1.57 | |
| Motivation toward work and study | T0 (n = 19) | 4.88 ± 2.51 | 3.58 ± 1.27# | 3.60 ± 1.10 |
| T3 (n = 14) | 5.04 ± 1.72 | 3.91 ± 1.06# | 3.78 ± 1.11## | |
| T5 (n = 17) | 5.64 ± 1.88 | 4.31 ± 1.09## | 4.46 ± 0.88*,## | |
| Physical fatigue | T0 (n = 19) | 3.59 ± 2.10 | 3.20 ± 1.34 | 3.54 ± 1.50 |
| T3 (n = 14) | 4.31 ± 1.79 | 3.49 ± 1.26 | 3.26 ± 1.20# | |
| T5 (n = 17) | 5.02 ± 1.62* | 4.05 ± 1.23 | 4.46 ± 1.34 | |
| Mental fatigue | T0 (n = 19) | 3.77 ± 2.38 | 3.03 ± 1.51 | 3.24 ± 1.36 |
| T3 (n = 14) | 4.51 ± 2.25 | 3.61 ± 1.62# | 3.37 ± 1.46# | |
| T5 (n = 17) | 5.49 ± 2.31 | 3.88 ± 1.55## | 4.26 ± 1.57# |
Data are represented as Mean ± SD. T0, Placebo; T3, PHGG 3 g/day; T5, PHGG 5 g/day. Between-group comparison with placebo: **p<0.01, *p<0.05. Within-group comparison with baseline: ##p<0.01, #p<0.05.