TABLE 1.
Summary of studies using RE in patients with MCI or AD and in animal models of AD.
| RE studies in MCI or AD patients | ||||||||
| Age (years) |
Health status |
Sample size/ Group |
Intervention duration |
Intensity | Frequency/ Week |
Series/ Exercise |
RE short term changes |
References |
| 69.5 ± 6.6 | MCI | 13-22 | 6 months | High (80% of peak capacity) | 2/3 | 3x 8 of 5/6 exercises | ↑ Cortical and hippocampal thickness | Broadhouse et al., 2020 |
| ≥ 55 | MCI | 17-27 | 6 months | High (80-92% of 1 maximum repetitions) | 2/3 | 3x 8 of 5/6 exercises | ↑ Body strenght Cognitive improvement |
Mavros et al., 2017 |
| ≥ 55 | MCI | 22-27 | 6 months | High (↑) | 2/3 | 3x 8 of 5/6 exercises | Mixed memory outcomes Cognitive and executive improvement |
Fiatarone Singh et al., 2014 |
| 70-80 women | MCI | 08-27 | 6 months | 13-15 Borg’s RPE scale | 2 | 2x 6-8 of 7 exercises | No differerence in hippocampal volume | Brinke et al., 2015 |
| 75.53 ± 4.48 | MCI | 10-13 | 12 weeks | 65% of 1RM | 2 | 15 maximum repetitions no info about exercises | ↑ Physical fitness ↑ Body muscular strengh No effect in general cognition but working memory improvement |
Hong et al., 2017 |
| Not informed | AD | 17 | 16 weeks | 85% of 20 maximum repetitions | 3 | 2x 20 + 1x until fatigue | No difference in cognition and memory | Vital et al., 2012 |
| 60-80 | MCI | 20-25 | 1 day | 75% of 1 maximal repetition | 1 | 2x 10 of 6 exercises | ↑ serum IGF-1 | Tsai et al., 2018 |
| RE studies in AD animal models | ||||||||
| Animal model | Age (months) |
Sample size/ Group |
Intervention duration | Intensity |
Frequency/ Week |
Repetitions | RE changes | |
| Female D-GAL (Wistar) | 6-7 | 8 | 6 weeks | Load increasing from 50-100% of body mass | 3 | 8 | Muscle hypertrophy Cognitive improvement ↓ hippocampal and cortex Aβ No difference in hippocampal BDNF ↑ serum IGF-1 (not in the brain) |
Özbeyli et al., 2017 |
| Male APP/PS1 (C57Bl/6) | 6-7 | 05-15 | 4 weeks | Load increasing from 75-100% of maximal load | 5 | 2x each % body mass + 100% +3g until falied | ↓ hyperlocomotion ↓ hippocampal Aβ plaques volume ↓ hippocampal microglia around Aβ plaques ↓ hippocampal pro-inflammatory IL-1α, IL-6 cytokines ↓ hippocampal anti-inflammatory IL-4 cytokine |
Hashiguchi et al., 2020 |
| Male treated with STZ (Wistar) |
Adults |
Not informed | 8 weeks | Load increasing from 30-150% of body mass | 3 | Not informed | Memory improvement ↑ hippocampal BDNF and NGF and NT3 ↑ hippocampal TrkA and TrkB |
Jafarzadeh et al., 2021 |
| Male 3xTg-AD (mice) | 3 | 10 | 9 weeks | Load increasing from 50- 100% of body mass | 3 | 16-10 | ↑ gastrocnemius mass ↑ grip strenght ↓ hippocampus Aβ load No difference in BDNF ↑ IGF-1 |
Pena et al., 2020 |
| Male 3xTg Psen (B6) mice | 9 | 07-08 | 4 weeks | Load increasing from 15- 75% of body mass | 3 | 15 | Cognitive improvement ↓ frontal cortex and hippocampal Aβ plaques ↓ frontal cortex total and phosphorilated tau ↓ hippocampal phosphorilated tau ↓ frontal cortex and hippocampal micróglia ↓ frontal cortex and hippocampal microglia cell body ↑ hippocampal anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine ↓ serum IL-1β cytokine ↑ frontal cortex and hippocampal pro-inflammatory IL-6 cytokine |
Liu et al., 2020 |