Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2023 Mar 15;615(7952):411–417. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-05724-2

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 3 — a, Measured response of the electro-optic modulation for the heterogeneous Si₃N₄–LiNbO₃ device utilizing tungsten electrodes. b, Frequency excursion (blue) and the absolute root mean square (RMS) deviation of the measured tuning profile from a perfect triangular ramp (orange). The deviation was calculated as the difference between the experimental data and the least-squares fitting. c, Top: time–frequency spectrograms of heterodyne beatnote for modulation frequencies from 1 kHz to 10 MHz. Bottom: the deviation of the experimental tuning data from the least-squares fit for the same modulation frequencies. d, Voltage profile applied to the electrodes from an arbitrary waveform generator, resembling the EPFL logo. e, Measured laser heterodyne beatnote showing laser frequency evolution in the form of the EPFL logo at a tuning rate of 450 Hz s⁻¹.