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. 2023 Mar 15;13:4283. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-31285-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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DAC treatment of neonatal mice infected with E. coli induces a juvenile-like immune response in CD4⁺ T cells. (A) Multi-level computational filtering overview. Genes were filtered to include only those that show a change in methylation state in response to DAC treatment in either age group. These differentially methylated genes were then ranked by their differential mRNA expression when comparing neonatal DMSO to all other groups. (B) Matrixplot of scaled mRNA expression levels for the top DEGs in each direction in the comparison of neonatal DMSO versus all else, generated with scanpy²⁸. Bolded genes are directly involved in type-I interferon responses. Figure restricted to top 25 genes for visibility. (C) Over-Enrichment Analysis (ORA) of GO:BPs terms for the top DEGs identified in (B), showing over-representation of terms related to viral and bacterial defense responses. (D) ORA as in (C) for transcription factor (TF) motifs, showing over-representation of interferon response factor (IRF) motifs in the promoters of up-regulated DEGs.