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. 2023 Mar 15;8:124. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01382-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Timeline of exosomes milestones. In 1946, the finding of one clotting factor, similar to the thromboplastic protein, by Chargaff was considered as the beginning of the field of extracellular vesicles (EVs). The EV field emerged the exponential growth in the early 21st century. In 2011, the foundation of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) promoted the development of exosomes extremely. In 2019, the imaging of exosomes entered the era of single exosomes in vivo