Table 1.
The modification strategy and source of engineered exosomes
| Modification strategy | Source | Cargo | Surface decoration | Additional stimuli | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biological modification | Macrophage | CAT@SiO2+ ICG | AS1411 aptamer | NA | 50 |
| DC | let-7 miRNA | the aptamer AS1411 | NA | 201 | |
| 3T3 and A549 | anti-GFP siRNA | DOTAP, POPC, DPPC and POPG | NA | 202 | |
| HEK-293T | miR-155 | NA | NA | 203 | |
| HEK-293T | miR317b-5b | NA | NA | 204 | |
| OS cells | lncRNA MEG3 | c(RGDyK) | NA | 205 | |
| HEK-293T | TPD52 siRNA | DARPin G3 | NA | 206 | |
| ASC | miR-125b | NA | NA | 207 | |
| 4T1 | antimiRNA-21 and antimiRNA-10b | uPAR | NA | 175 | |
| MSC | circDIDO1 | RGD | NA | 208 | |
| HEK-293T | SIRT6 siRNA | E3-Aptamer | NA | 48 | |
| Normal epithelial cell | sgIQ 1.1 plasmids | HN3 | NA | 209 | |
| Milk | β-catenin siRNA | RNA aptamers | NA | 210 | |
| RBC | An ASO to miR-125b | CXCR4-targeting peptide | NA | 211 | |
| Normal fibroblast-like mesenchymal cells | KrasG12D siRNA | anti-CD47 | NA | 60 | |
| Dendritic cells | siGPX4 | ANG | Local magnetic field | 127 | |
| 293 T | miR-26a | Apo-A1 | NA | 212 | |
| MDA-MB-231 | miRNA-126/ miRNA-231 | Integrin β4 | NA | 213 | |
| MSC | miR-379 | NA | NA | 214 | |
| U937 | NA | anti-PSMA peptide | NA | 215 | |
| HEK-293 | miR-HER2 | NA | NA | 216 | |
| MSC | si-Survivin | CXCR4 | NA | 217 | |
| HEK-293 T | CRISPR-Cas9 | GFP | NA | 218 | |
| MSC | miR-101 | NA | NA | 219 | |
| MSC | miRNA-29a-3p | NA | NA | 220 | |
| HEK293T | CRISPR-Cas9 RNP | TDNs+aptamer | NA | 221 | |
| M1 macrophage | NF-B p50 siRNA +miR-511-3p | IL4RPep-1 | NA | 194 | |
| Murine muscle C2C12 | Nefmut/E7 | NA | NA | 222 | |
| M1 macrophages | NA | CD47 | NA | 193 | |
| HEK293T | HPV-E6 | NA | NA | 223 | |
| CAR-T | NA | EGFR and HER2 | NA | 182 | |
| DC | NA | anti-CD3 and anti-EGFR | NA | 55 | |
| HEK293T | NA | rHER2/neu+ Nefmut | NA | 224 | |
| CT26, B16-F10, LLC, and 4T1 | NA | FAP | NA | 51 | |
| Tumor cells nuclei-transfected M1 macrophages | NA | NA | NA | 92 | |
| HEK293T | NA | HPV-E7 - VLPs | NA | 225 | |
| B16BL6 | CpG DNA | NA | NA | 86 | |
| MDA-MB-231 | NA | HavPD-1 | NA | 178 | |
| HEK-293T | NA | HIV-1 Nefmut | NA | 226 | |
| Expi293 | NA | Anti-CD3 + Anti-EGFR Anti-PD-1+Anti-OX40L | NA | 179 | |
| J558 | NA | P1A tumor antigen+ HSP70 | NA | 93 | |
| K562 | NA | HLA-A2 | NA | 227 | |
| DC | NA | P47-P + AFP212-A2 + N1ND-N + Alarmin | NA | 183 | |
| K562 | NA | IL-15, IL-18 and 4-1BBL (TNFSF9) | NA | 228 | |
| J558 | TNF-a, IL-2, and IFN-g | NA | NA | 229 | |
| HEK293 | ASO-STAT6 | PTGFRN | NA | 88 | |
| MDA-MB-231 | ELANE and Hiltonol | NA | NA | 230 | |
| Expi293 | NA | anti-CD3 + anti-HER2 | NA | 56 | |
| Physical modification | 4T1 | DVDMS | NA | US | 231 |
| 4T1 | PTX | GNR-PEG | In situ NIR | 87 | |
| HEK-293T | PTX + ICG + SBC | NA | US | 75 | |
| HEK-293T | ICG | FA | US | 232 | |
| HEK-293T | Ce6 + R848 | NA | US | 90 | |
| Huh7 + MDAMB231 | NIS | NA | 131I | 130 | |
| M1 macrophage | DDRi, DSB | anti-PD-L1 nanobody+ CAT | Laser | 125 | |
| ReN | PD-L1 siRNA | RGDyK | Laser | 124 | |
| M1 Macrophages | ROS-sensitive Polymer+ siPAK4 | NA | Laser | 141 | |
| HEK-293T | Er and RB | CD47 | 532 nm laser | 132 | |
| The blood of mice | NA | ChiP | Laser | 142 | |
| MIA-PaCa-2 | Ce6 | NA | Laser | 187 | |
| CT26 | R837 + ICG | CD47 | Laser | 67 | |
| MCF-7 | V2C QDs+ TAT | RDG | Laser | 96 | |
| Raw 264.7 | Gd and Dy-doped and TAT peptide-modified carbon dots | RGD | Laser | 163 | |
| 4T1 | Porous silicon nanoparticles+ ICG + DOX | NA | 808 nm laser | 103 | |
| Macrophages | DOX | Fe3O4@PDA | Laser | 106 | |
| Chemical modifiication | A549 | DTX | NA | NA | 110 |
| BMM | PTX | AA-PEG | NA | 111 |
CAT@SiO2 catalase into silica nanoparticles, DTX docetaxel, DVDMS sinoporphyrin sodium, AA-PEG aminoethylanisamide-polyethylene glycol, PTX paclitaxel, BMM bone-marrow derived macrophages, US ultrasound, HEK-293T human embryonic kidney-293T cells, SBC sodium bicarbonate, ICG Indocyanine green, GNR-PEG gold nanorods-PEG, FA folic acid, ICG Indocyanine green, GNR-PEG gold nanorods-PEG, FA folic acid, DDRi DNA damage repair inhibitor, c(RGDyK) cyclo(Arg-Gly-Asp-DTyr-Lys) peptide, ReN cells a neural progenitor cell line derived from the ventral mesencephalon region of the human fetal brain, PAK4 p21-activated kinase 4, PA photo-activatable, PEI polyethyleneimine, TK thioketal, Ce6 chlorin e6, RBC red blood cell, ChiP chimeric peptide, PDA polydopamine, Fe3O4@PDA polydopamine (PDA) coated magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, ASCs adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal/medicinal signaling cells, uPAR urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells, HN3 a human antibody targeting GPC3 with high affinity, sgIQ 1.1 a sgRNA to direct Cas9 protein to the site of IQGAP1 in the genomic locus for efficient cleavage, GPX4 glutathione peroxidase 4, a key regulator of ferroptosis, siGPX4 small interfering RNA of GPX, HDL high-density lipoprotein, Apo-A1 the main component of HDL, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer, IL4RPep-1 an IL4R-binding peptide, HavPD-1 high-affinity variant human PD-1 protein, J558 The myeloma cell line, K562 the chronic myeloid leukemia cell line, HLA-A2 human leukocyte antigen-A2, P47-P HCC-targeting peptide, AFP212-A2 α-fetoprotein epitope, N1ND-N, a functional domain of high mobility group nucleosome-binding protein 1, ASO antisense oligonucleotide, exoASO-STAT6 ASO targeting STAT6, PTGFRN prostaglandin F2 receptor negative regulator, ELANE human neutrophil elastase, Hiltonol TLR3 agonist, MDA-MB-231 the triple-negative breast cancer cell line, Expi293 cells a suspension-adapted HEK293 cell line