Table 3. Physician assessment scores in PP dataset (n=53).

*Mann-Whitney U test (between-group comparisons).

Total physician assessment score is the sum of scores for individual signs scores (wrinkles, pores, hydration/moisture, brightness/tone, and pigmentation). Higher scores indicate poor skin conditions.

SD: standard deviation; CI: confidence interval; PP: per-protocol

Parameter	Treatment	N	Baseline	Change from baseline on day 60		Between-group comparisons
			Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean difference (95% CI)	Test*	p-Value	Effect size -Cohen's “d” (95% CI)
Skin wrinkles score	Ashwagandha	27	1.59 (0.80)	-0.89 (0.70)	-0.50 (-0.86 to -0.15)	-2.872	0.006	-0.789 (-1.345 to -0.226)
	Placebo	26	1.58 (0.76)	-0.38 (0.57)
Pores score	Ashwagandha	27	2.00 (0.73)	-1.33 (0.78)	-0.45 (-0.83 to -0.07)	-2.349	0.023	-0.645 (-1.195 to -0.090)
	Placebo	26	2.08 (0.74)	-0.88 (0.59)
Hydration/moisture score	Ashwagandha	27	1.63 (1.01)	-1.41 (0.97)	-0.64 (-1.12 to -0.15)	-2.651	0.011	-0.729 (-1.282 to -0.168)
	Placebo	26	1.69 (0.97)	-0.77 (0.76)
Brightness/tone score	Ashwagandha	27	1.78 (0.70)	-1.37 (0.74)	-0.52 (-0.88 to -0.16)	-2.926	0.005	-0.804 (-1.361 to -0.240)
	Placebo	26	1.77 (0.71)	-0.85 (0.54)
Pigmentation score	Ashwagandha	27	2.11 (0.70)	-1.70 (0.67)	-0.47 (-0.82 to -0.13)	-2.732	0.009	-0.751 (-1.305 to -0.189)
	Placebo	26	2.04 (0.66)	-1.23 (0.59)
Total physician assessment score	Ashwagandha	27	10.04 (2.49)	-7.63 (2.42)	-2.75 (-4.02 to -1.47)	-4.334	<0.0001	-1.19 (-1.77 to -0.60)
	Placebo	26	9.92 (2.45)	-4.88 (2.18)