Table 4.
Extracted acoustic, linguistic, and cognitive biomarkers.
| Task | Name | Biomarker description | Dysfunction | EB |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acoustic | ||||
| All | F0STD [Hz] | Pitch variability defined as | Monopitch | ↓ |
| the standard deviation of F0 contours | ||||
| All | F1STD [Hz] | Standard deviation of the first formant | Rigidity of tongue and jaw | ↓ |
| All | INTSTD [dB] | Speech loudness variability defined as the | Monoloudness | ↓ |
| standard deviation of the intensity countour | ||||
| SS | SPTIME [s] | Net speech time relative to total speech time | Lower amount of speech time | ↓ |
| in spontaneous production | ||||
| RP | SPTIME [s] | Net speech time relative to total speech time | Higher amount of speech time | ↑ |
| due reading difficulties | ||||
| All | SILTIME [s] | Total amount of silent time in a recording | Higher amount of silent time | ↑ |
| All | SILPERC [%] | Total silent time divided by the total speech time | Higher amount of silent time | ↑ |
| expressed in percentage | ||||
| All | SILSPPRAT [%] | Pause-speech ratio derived as the total amount of | Higher pause-speech ratio | ↑ |
| silent time over the total amount of speech time | ||||
| All | SILDUR [s] | Mean length duration of speech pauses | Longer duration of silences | ↑ |
| All | SILVAR [s] | Median absolute deviation of speech pauses duration | Higher variability of silence time | ↑ |
| Linguistic | ||||
| SS | WORDCNT | Total word count after function words removal | Shorter narratives | ↓ |
| SS | WORDLEN | Mean word length computed in terms of | Difficulties in word completion/ | ↓ |
| the # of word characters after function words removal | adoption of less complex vocabulary | |||
| SS | SENTCNT | Count of the # of sentences used in elicited narratives | Shorter/poorer linguistic production | ↓ |
| SS | SENTLEN | Sentence length defined in terms of the total number | Shorter and simpler narratives | ↓ |
| of words | ||||
| SS | NOUNCNT | # of nouns | Selective impairment in object naming | ↓ |
| SS | VERBCNT | # of verbs | Selective impairment in action verbs | ↓ |
| SS | ADJCNT | # of adjectives | Reduced use of adjectives | ↓ |
| SS | ADVCNT | # of adverbs | Reduced use of adverbs | ↓ |
| SS | NUMCNT | # of numerals | Reduced use of numerals | ↓ |
| SS | AUXCNT | # of auxiliaries | Reduced use of auxiliaries | ↓ |
| SS | NPCNT | # of noun phrases | Reduced number of noun phrases | ↓ |
| SS | VPCNT | # of verb phrases | Reduced number of verb phrases | ↓ |
| SS | PPCNT | # of prepositional phrases | Reduced number of prepositional phrases | ↓ |
| Cognitive | ||||
| SS | IU | # informational units defined as | Selective impairment in action naming | ↓ |
| as # of salient events occurring in a picture | ||||
| SS | RHYSTD | Speech rhythm defined as standard deviation of | Static speech rhythm | ↓ |
| of word starting timestamps | ||||
| RP | RHYSTD | Speech rhythm defined as standard deviation of | Irregular speech rhythm | ↑ |
| of word starting timestamps | ||||
For each biomarker, we report the task from which the biomarker has been extracted, the biomarker name, the biomarker description, the specific dysfunction behind the biomarker, and the expected behavior (EB) occurring in PD subjects. #, number.
↑ means increasing, ↓ means decreasing.