Table 2.

Indicators and Modeling Procedures of Socioeconomic Status

Operationalizations	Percentage	Number (n = 495)	Example
Indicators
None given	0.20	1	—
Assets/housing	8.10	40	Home value, own home/car, neighborhood wealth/cohesion
Composite	5.25	26	Hollingshead Index, Brazilian ABEP
Demographic	0.40	2	Race, gender
Education	27.47	136	Personal education (highest degree attained)
Family structure	4.24	21	Teen mom, father present, number of children
Income/poverty	22.83	113	Family income, neighborhood poverty rate
Mannerisms	2.83	14	Extracurricular activities, verb use, name, clothing
Occupation	16.36	81	Parental Duncan’s SEI
Subjective	10.30	51	MacArthur ladder
Uncategorized	2.02	10	Health insurance, welfare/aid, food insecurity
	Percentage	Number (n = 211)	Example
Modeling procedure
None given	0.50	1	—
DR–total	40.76	86
DR–formative	3.49	3	PCA, PLS
DR–reflective	6.98	6	EFA, CFA
DR–other composite: Readymade	20.93	18	Hollingshead Index, Duncan’s SEI
DR–other composite: Ad hoc	68.60	59	Sum of maternal and paternal education
Mixed	5.20	11	Mean of standardized income and education and income and education individually
Multiple single indicators	20.90	44	Income and education
Single indicator	32.70	69	Income or education

Note: Percentages were obtained by dividing by the total number of indicators given or by the total number of modeling procedures used (e.g., counts of indicators were divided by the total number of indicators given, n = 495, across all studies) rather than the total number of studies. ABEP = Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa (Brazilian Research Enterprises Association); DR = dimension reduction; SEI = Socioeconomic Index; PCA = Principal Component Analysis; PLS = Partial Least Squares; EFA = Exploratory Factor Analysis; CFA = Confirmatory Factor Analysis.