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. 2023 Mar 16;8:40. doi: 10.1038/s41541-023-00633-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Hamsters with pre-existing immunity were generated by pre-vaccination with 10⁷ viral particles (vp) of Ad26NCOV006 (Ad26 vector encoding Wuhan-Hu-1 spike, pre-immune animals) at week −27. Naive control hamsters were not vaccinated (NA). At week −4, Ad26 Wuhan-Hu-1 spike-vaccinated hamsters were vaccinated with 10⁹ vp Ad26.COV2.S (S), Ad26.COV2.S.529 (529), a 1:1 combination of S and 529 or Ad26.Empty (all n = 8). In addition, naive hamsters were vaccinated with Ad26.Empty (n = 8). The animals were intranasally challenged with 10^4.7 TCID₅₀ SARS-CoV-2 BA.2 in week 0. SARS-CoV-2 Envelope subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) viral load was measured in the a nasal turbinates and b lungs. c/d Lungs (parenchyma and bronchi/bronchioles) were stained and scored for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid-protein positivity (score 0–5). e Paraffin sections from lung tissue (H&E) were scored on day 4 for lower tract histopathology. The sum of scores is presented (maximum possible score of 48). Red horizontal bars indicate the median response per group and the dotted line/gray zone indicates the limit of detection (LOD) or LOD range. Open symbols indicate the response is at or below the lower LOD (LLOD)/at or above upper LOD (ULOD) or a score of 0 for nucleocapsid positivity or histopathology. Comparisons to the pre-vaccination-only group and pairwise comparisons were performed by a Mann–Whitney U test with a threefold Bonferroni correction. Significance is shown compared with the pre-vaccinated-only group unless depicted otherwise. Statistical differences are indicated by asterisks: *P < 0.05.