TABLE 3.

Colorimetric-based DNA detection techniques.

Type of affinity assay	Determination method	LOD	DLR	References (s)
2D DNA/Fe3O4 nanosheet	Colorimetry/Fe3O4 nanosheets in the DNA/Fe3O4 networks display peroxidase-like catalytic activity thereby enhancing detection	13 aM	0.05 fM–12 nM	Tang et al. (2019)
Fe2O3 porous particles	Calorimetric/DNA is detected using the peroxidase-like activity of a composite nanozyme synthesized in the form of porous particles	1.1 nM	0.0–21.5 nM	Dinter et al. (2019)
Magnetic microbeads/ nanoparticles	Optomagnetic/isothermal amplification technique	4 and 20 pM	1–100 pM	Minero et al. (2019)
Magnetic microbeads	Optomagnetic/isothermal nucleic acid amplification	4 pM	2–40 pM	Minero et al. (2020)
Iron oxide nanoparticles	Optomagnetic/giant magnetoresistive effect	p = 0.05		Ng et al. (2019)
Streptavidin-coated MBs/electrophoresis	Electrophoretic assisted with magnetic field/multiplex microarray-based assay/new method of active hybridization analysis	0.1 fM	0.1 nM	Shlyapnikov et al. (2019)
Magnetic nanoparticle-graphene oxide	Optomagnetic/isothermal nucleic acid amplification triggered by the hybridization and padlock probes	2 pM	1–4 pM	Tian et al. (2019)
Gold nanoparticles probe	Plasma mass spectrometry detection/Au NPs amplification and isothermal circular strand-displacement polymerization reaction	8.9 fM	0.1–10000 pM	Xiao et al. (2019)
Silicon master/Microfluidic	Microfluidic recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) sensor	10 copies/μL	10–106 copies/μL	Yang et al. (2019)
Peptide Nucleic Acid	PNA-DNA2 triple-helix molecular switch and DiSC2	0.18 nM	0–2 μM	Xu et al. (2020a)