Table 1.
Cohort demographics, characteristics, therapies and outcomes
| Features | Total cohort, n = 6247 | Development cohort |
Holdout cohort |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECMO, n = 67 | Non-ECMO, n = 2251 | ECMO, n = 68 | Non-ECMO, n = 3861 | ||
| Age (years) | 54 [26, 64] | 54 [44, 59]* | 58 [45, 65]* | 55 [43, 61]* | 48 [13, 63]* |
| Male sex, n (%) | 3550 (57) | 46 (69) | 1255 (56)* | 45 (66) | 2204 (57) |
| Caucasian, n (%) | 3965 (64) | 38 (57)* | 1348 (60)* | 42 (62) | 2537 (66) |
| Height (cm) | 168 [157, 178] | 170 [163, 180] | 170 [163, 178] | 175 [168, 183]* | 165 [145, 176]* |
| Weight (kg) | 76 [56, 95] | 85 [79, 105]* | 84 [67, 100]* | 88 [77, 109]* | 71 [44, 91]* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26 [20, 32] | 30 [26, 35]* | 28 [24, 34]* | 29 [26, 34]* | 25 [19, 31]* |
| Tobacco use, n (%) | 1207 (19) | 5 (7)* | 500 (22)* | 5 (7)* | 697 (18)* |
| SOFAa | 9 [6, 13] | 12 [10, 13]*,** | 11 [7, 14]* | 9 [6, 12]*,** | 12 [9, 14]* |
| Lowest PF ratioa | 112 [66, 204] | 56 [48, 69]* | 107 [65, 201]* | 55 [50, 63]* | 126 [71, 218]* |
| Hospital mortality, n (%) | 1079 (17) | 32 (48)* | 391 (17)* | 26 (38)* | 630 (16)* |
| CCI | 4 [1, 7] | 2 [1, 4.5]* | 4 [2, 8]* | 3 [1, 4] | 3 [1, 7] |
| Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%) | 2305 (37) | 18 (27)* | 899 (40)* | 13 (19)* | 1375 (36)* |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 2994 (48) | 36 (54) | 1388 (62) | 30 (44) | 1540 (40) |
| Malignancy, n (%) | 1537 (25) | 6 (9)* | 594 (26)* | 10 (15) | 927 (24) |
| Renal disease, n (%) | 1369 (22) | 13 (19) | 568 (25) | 9 (13) | 779 (20) |
| Hospital length of stay (days) | 8 [4, 18] | 24 [13, 42]*,** | 8 [4, 17]* | 38 [27, 53]*,** | 8 [4, 18]* |
| Mechanical ventilation (days)a | 2 [0, 7] | 10 [2, 22]*,** | 3 [1, 10]* | 21 [6, 37]*,** | 4 [1, 15]* |
| CRRT, n (%) | 386 (6) | 16 (24)* | 145 (6)* | 14 (21)* | 211 (5)* |
| Remdesivir, n (%) | 764 (12) | 27 (40)*,** | 372 (17)* | 26 (38)*,** | 339 (9)* |
| Neuromuscular blockade, n (%) | 631 (10) | 45 (67)* | 188 (8)* | 56 (83)* | 342 (9)* |
| Nitric oxide/Iloprost, n (%) | 511 (8) | 41 (61)* | 196 (9)* | 45 (67)* | 229 (6)* |
| Dopa. <5 μg/kg/min, Dobu., milrinone or levosimendan, n (%)a | 592 (10) | 15 (22)* | 145 (6)* | 11 (16)* | 421 (11)* |
| Dopa. 5–15 μg/kg/min, Epi/NorEpi <0.1 μg/kg/min, Vaso, Phenyl, n (%)a | 3219 (52) | 67 (100)* | 1138 (51)* | 68 (100)* | 1946 (49)* |
| Dopa >15 μg/kg/min, Epi/NorEpi >0.1 μg/kg/min, n (%)a | 2154 (35) | 63 (94)* | 726 (32)* | 65 (96)* | 1300 (33)* |
Note: Data are presented as median and interquartile range unless otherwise specified.
Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy; Dobu: dobutamine; Dopa: dopamine; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; Epi: epinephrine; NorEpi: norepinephrine; NPPV: noninvasive positive pressure ventilation; Phenyl: phenylephrine; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; Vaso: vasopressin.
Prior to ECMO initiation for ECMO patients or prior to discharge for non-ECMO patients.
P-value <.05 by Mann-Whitney U or Chi square tests between ECMO and non-ECMO groups in each cohort.
P-value <.05 by Mann-Whitney U or Chi square tests between ECMO patients in both cohorts.