Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies in the systematic review and meta‐analysis
| Author/year | Country | City | Did the data originate from a well‐known‐relevant cohort? | Study design/analysis | Recruitment period | NAFLD evaluation method | NAFLD definition | PLHIV (N) | NAFLD (N) | SF definition | SF (N) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crum‐Cianflone 2009 | USA | San Diego, CA | No | Cross‐sectional | 2006–2007 | LUS | “Steatosis described as diffusion in hepatic echogenicity” | 216 | 67 | NR | NR |
| Sterling 2013 | USA | Richmond, VA | No | Cross‐sectional | 2007–2011 | Biopsy | Biopsy >5% | 14 | 9 | NR | NR |
| Nishijima 2014 | Japan | Tokyo | No | Cross‐sectional | 2004–2013 | LUS | NR | 435 | 135 | NR | NR |
| G Lui 2016 | China | Hong Kong | No | Case–control | NR | MRI | H‐MRS ≥5% | 80 | 23 | LS≥7.0 kPa | 11 |
| Kardashian 2017 | USA | Multicenter‐1 | Yes: WIHS (NCT00000797) | Case–control | 1994–2015 | MRI | H‐MRS ≥5% | 122 | 35 | NR | NR |
| Lombardi 2017 | UK | London | No | Cross‐sectional | 2014 | LUS | NR | 156 | 47 | NR | NR |
| Price 2017 | USA | Multicenter‐2 | Yes: MACS (NCT00046280) | Cross‐sectional | 2010–2013 | CT | Liver/spleen attenution ratio<1.0 on non‐contrast CT | 329 | 44 | NR | NR |
| Aepfelbacher 2019 | USA | Bethesda, MA | Yes: Clinical Outcomes of People Who Acquired HIV in Early Life (NCT01656564) | Case–control | 2016–2018 | VCTE | CAP> = 248 dB/m | 46 | 15 | LS≥7.1 kPa | 3 |
| Lallukka‐Brück 2019 | Finland | Helsinki | No | Retrospective cohort | 2001–2019 (16 years follow‐up) | MRI | H‐MRS> = 5% | 41 | 14 | NR | NR |
| Vujanović 2019 | Serbia | Novi Sad | No | Cross‐sectional | 2016–2018 | LUS | Increased liver echogenicity when compared to the parenchyma of the right kidney | 88 | 37 | NR | NR |
| Ajmera 2020 | USA | San Diego, CA | No | Cross‐sectional | 2016–2018 | MRI | MRI‐PDFF ≥5% | 70 | 56 | NR | NR |
| Ferri Pezzini 2020 | Brazil | Porto Alegre | No | Cross‐sectional | 2016–2017 | VCTE | CAP ≥238 dB/m | 98 | 31 | LS≥7.1 kPa | 7 |
| Kaplan 2020 | USA | Boston, MA | No | Cross‐sectional | 2010–2017 | Biopsy or CT‐scan or ultrasound | Biopsy >5% OR validated radiographic criteria for CT/LUS | 232 | 97 | NR | NR |
| Kirkegaard 2020 | Denmark | Copenhagen | Yes: COCOMO (NCT02382822) | Case–control | 2015–2016 | CT | CT‐liver attenuation <48 HUs | 453 | 39 | NR | NR |
| Rasoulinejad 2020 | Iran | Tehran | No | Cross‐sectional | 2018–2019 | VCTE | NR | 100 | 35 | NR | NR |
| Bischoff 2021 | Germany | Bonn | No | Cohort study | 2013–2018 (24 months follow‐up) | VCTE | CAP ≥238 dB/m | 319 | 109 | NR | NR |
| Fonseca de Almeida 2021 | Brazil | Rio de Janeiro | Yes: PROSPEC‐HIV (NCT02542020) | Cross‐sectional | 2015–2019 | VCTE | CAP ≥248 dB/m | 451 | 152 | LS≥7.1 kPa | 72 |
| Jongraksak 2021 | Thailand | Bangkok | No | Cross‐sectional | 2017–2018 | VCTE | CAP ≥248 dB/m | 150 | 48 | LS≥7.1 kPa | 9 |
| Liu Danping 2021 | China | Shangai | No | Cross‐sectional | 2019–2020 | VCTE | CAP ≥248 dB/m | 361 | 136 | LS≥10 kPa | 30 |
| Arka De 2022 | India | Chandigarh | No | Cross‐sectional | NR | VCTE | CAP ≥251 dB/m | 100 | 34 | LS≥7.0 kPa | 47 |
| Busca 2022 | Spain | Madrid | No | Cross‐sectional | 2017–2018 | Biopsy | Biopsy >5% | 69 | 62 | NR | NR |
| Lemoine 2022 | Belgium, France and Germany | Paris, Bruxelles, Hambourg, Berlin, Düsseldorf and Hannover | Yes: ECHAM (NCT02093754) | Cross‐sectional | 2014–2015 | MRI | MRI‐PDFF> = 5% | 402 | 257 | NR | NR |
| Michel 2022 | Germany | Mainz | Yes: FLASH (NCT04066608) | Cross‐sectional | 2018–2021 | VCTE | CAP ≥275 dB/m | 245 | 85 | LS≥8.2 kPa | 16 |
| Sebastiani 2022 | Italy and Canada | Modena, Italy/Montreal, Canada/Palermo and Italy | Yes: LIVEHIV (CTN326 Canadian), MHMC (NR) and LHIVPA (NR) | Cross‐sectional | NR | VCTE | CAP ≥248 dB/m | 1749 | 684 | LS≥7.1 kPa | 264 |
Abbreviations: CAP, controlled attenuation parameter; LS, liver stiffness; LUS, liver ultrasound; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NAFLD, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease; NR, not reported; PLHIV, people living with HIV; SF, significant fibrosis; VCTE, vibration‐controlled transient elastography.