Table 1.
Summary of the characteristics and methodological quality of the included studies
| Authors | Published year | Country | Area | Study site | Study type | Study period | Sampling | N | Male % | Mean/median age | Selection criteria | Quality grade (risk) | Margin of error |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manuthu et al. [17] | 2008 | Kenya | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2006 | Non‐random | 295 | ART naïve: 44; on ART: 40 | ART naïve: 36.5; on ART: 39.4 | Adult PLHIV on ART ≥4 weeks and not changing ART regimen in the past year, and without history of diabetes or taking lipid‐lowering agents. | Moderate | 0.045 |
| Dave et al. [18] | 2011 | South Africa | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | NR | Non‐random | 849 | 23 | − | PLHIV on first‐line ART regimen (d4T, 3TC and efavirenz or nevirapine) >6 months and ART naïve, and without history of diabetes or impair glucose tolerance. | Moderate | 0.017 |
| Nagu et al. [19] | 2012 | Tanzania | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2004–2009 | Non‐random | 41,891 | 29 | 36 (10) | PLHIV >15 years, ART naïve (83% >18 years) | Moderate | 0.002 |
| Ngatchou et al. [20] | 2013 | Cameroon | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2009–2010 | Unspecified | 108 | 26 | 39 (11) | PLHIV ≥18 years, ART naive | Moderate | 0.082 |
| Ngala et al. [21] | 2013 | Ghana | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2009–2010 | Unspecified | 164 | 42 | 38.2 (0.65) | PLHIV ≥18 years, on ART ≥6 months, without previous diabetes, hypertension or family history of diabetes, hypertension. | Moderate | 0.038 |
| Kagaruki et al. [22] | 2014 | Tanzania | Urban; rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2011–2012 | Non‐random | 671 | 30 | 38.7 (10.1 | PLHIV ≥18 years | Low | 0.015 |
| Sawadogo et al. [23] | 2014 | Burkina Faso | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2011 | Random | 400 | 29 | 41.4 (8.8) | PLHIV ≥18 years, on ART ≥6 months | Moderate | 0.011 |
| Rabkin et al. [24] | 2015 | South Africa | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2014 | Non‐random | 175 | 26 | 45.4 (8.8) | PLHIV ≥30 years on ART ≥1 year | Moderate | 0.029 |
| Maganga et al. [25] | 2015 | Tanzania | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2012–2013 | Non‐random | 301 | ART naïve: 41; on ART: 23 | ART naïve: 37 (32–44); on ART: 40 (38–47) | PLHIV ≥18 years ART naive, or on ART ≥2 years | Moderate | 0.013 |
| Mohammed et al. [26] | 2015 | Ethiopia | Urban; rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2014 | Non‐random | 393 | 33 | 37.9 (11.2) | PLHIV ≥18 years | Moderate | 0.024 |
| Divala et al. [60] | 2016 | Malawi | Urban; rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2014 | Non‐random | 952 | 28 | 43 (10.2) | PLHIV ≥18 years | Moderate | 0.013 |
| Mugisha et al. [64] | 2016 | Uganda | Urban; rural | Population‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2012–2013 | Non‐random | 244 | 40 | 57 | PLHIV ≥50 years | Moderate | 0.03 |
| Isa et al. [76] | 2016 | Nigeria | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2011–2013 | Non‐random | 2632 | 35 | 37.4 (9.7) | PLHIV ≥18 years on ART | Moderate | 0.006 |
| Rhee et al. [51] | 2016 | Cameroon | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2014 | Non‐random | 500 | 27 | 42.5 (36.5–49.5) | PLHIV ≥16 years on ART (>80% age ≥18 years), and without diabetes history | Moderate | 0.017 |
| Levitt et al. [27] | 2016 | South Africa | Urban; rural | Population‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2008–2010 | Non‐random | 940 | 24 | 33.6 (8.77) | PLHIV ≥18 years, without diabetes history | Moderate | 0.014 |
| Magodoro et al. [1] | 2016 | Zimbabwe | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2015 | Non‐random | 1400 | 31 | 42 (36–50) | PLHIV ≥18 years on ART | Moderate | 0.009 |
| Abebe et al. [46] | 2016 | Ethiopia | Urban; rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2013–2014 | Random | 462 | 31 | ART naïve: 34.6 (9.9); on ART: 37.5 (9.2) | PLHIV ≥15 years (93% ≥18 years) | Moderate | 0.025 |
| Sinxadi et al. [28] | 2016 | South Africa | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2007–2008 | Non‐random | 107 | 27 | 38 (31–45) | PLHIV ≥18 years on EFV for ≥6 months and adherence to ART, without previous diabetes | Moderate | 0.026 |
| Traoré et al. [77] | 2016 | Morocco | Urban | Clinic‐based | Retrospective | − | Non‐random | 1800 | − | − | PLHIV treated at the Infectious Diseases out‐patient department of the University Hospital Center of Casablanca (Ibn Rochd), Morocco | Moderate | 0.008 |
| Ekrikpo et al. [78] | 2017 | Nigeria | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2002–2016 | Non‐random | 1818 | 40 | 34.3 (9.9) | PLHIV ≥18 years, ART naive | Moderate | 0.011 |
| Noumegni et al. [52] | 2017 | Cameroon | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2015–2016 | Non‐random | 452 | 20 | 44.4 (9.8) | PLHIV ≥18 years, ART naïve or on ART; without CVD history | Moderate | 0.014 |
| PrayGod et al. [50] | 2017 | Tanzania | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2015 | Non‐random | 273 | 35 | 38.9 (9.7) | PLHIV ≥18 years on ART for 2–3 years | Moderate | 0.014 |
| Gaziano et al. [29] | 2017 | South Africa | Rural | Population‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2014–2015 | Random | 4576 | 46 | 61.7 (13.1) | PLHIV ≥40 years | Moderate | 0.015 |
| Van Heerden et al. [30] | 2017 | South Africa | Rural | Population‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2011–2012 | Non‐random | 189 | 19 | − | PLHIV ≥18 years | Moderate | 0.02 |
| Shankalala et al. [79] | 2017 | Zambia | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2015 | Non‐random | 270 | 31 | 46 (38–51) | PLHIV ≥18 years on ART ≥24 months | Moderate | 0.039 |
| Kazooba et al. [65] | 2017 | Uganda | Rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2014 | Non‐random | 1024 | 35 | 44.8 (8) | PLHIV ≥18 years | Moderate | 0.011 |
| Labhardt et al. [31] | 2017 | South Africa | Rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2014 | Non‐random | 1166 | 34 | 44.4 (35.3–54.4) | PLHIV ≥16 years, on NNRTI‐based first‐line ≥6 months | Low | 0.008 |
| Pfaff et al. [61] | 2018 | Malawi | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2015–2017 | Non‐random | 2979 | − | − | PLHIV ≥18 years | Moderate | 0.003 |
| Ngu et al. [53] | 2018 | Cameroon | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | − | Non‐random | 311 | 16 | 43.4 (10.6) | PLHIV ≥21 years | Moderate | 0.035 |
| Mathabire Rücker et al. [62] | 2018 | Malawi | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2015–2016 | Non‐random | 379 | 26 | 47 (42–52) | PLHIV ≥ 30 years on ART ≥10 years | Moderate | 0.025 |
| Kansiime et al. [66] | 2018 | Uganda | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2017 | Non‐random | 387 | 34 | 42 (20–75) | PLHIV ≥18 years on ART ≥2 months | Moderate | 0.021 |
| Ataro et al. [45] | 2018 | Ethiopia | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2017 | Non‐random | 425 | 30 | 39.7 (8.9) | PLHIV ≥years on ART ≥6 months | Moderate | 0.024 |
| Rabkin et al. [68] | 2018 | Swaziland | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2015–2016 | Non‐random | 1826 | 38 | 47 (40–82) | PLHIV ≥40 years | Moderate | 0.009 |
| Katoto et al. [80] | 2018 | DRC | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2016 | Non‐random | 495 | 38 | 43 (36–51) | PLHIV ≥18 years | Moderate | 0.027 |
| Osoti et al. [57] | 2018 | Kenya | Urban; rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2014 | Non‐random | 300 | 36 | 40 (33–46) | PLHIV ≥18 years | Moderate | 0.031 |
| Fiseha and Belete [40] | 2019 | Ethiopia | Urban; peri‐urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2018 | Unspecified | 408 | 33 | 37 (10) | PLHIV ≥ 18 years on ART ≥12 months | Low | 0.027 |
| Muchira et al. [67] | 2019 | Uganda | Urban; rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | NR | Non‐random | 118 | 51.7 | 51.3 (7.1) | PLHIV ≥40 years on ART ≥3 years | Moderate | 0.071 |
| Faurholt‐Jepsen et al. [41] | 2019 | Ethiopia | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2010–2012 | Non‐random | 332 | 33 | 32.9 (8.8) | PLHIV ≥ 18 years, ART naïve | Moderate | 0.036 |
| Juma et al. [58] | 2019 | Kenya | Rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2013–2015 | Non‐random | 1502 | 31 | 30 (31–48) | PLHIV ≥18 years, ART naïve or on ART | Moderate | 0.003 |
| Hyle et al. [32] | 2019 | South Africa | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2015–2016 | Non‐random | 458 | 22 | 38 (33–44) | PLHIV ≥21 years, on ART | Moderate | 0.021 |
| Nguyen et al. [33] | 2019 | South Africa | Urban; rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2014–2015 | Random | 748 | 21 | 38 (35–42) | PLHIV ≥18 years, ART naïve or on ART | Low | 0.013 |
| Nkinda et al. [48] | 2019 | Tanzania | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2018 | Non‐random | 240 | 25 | 47 (10) | PLHIV ≥18 years, on first‐line ART regimen | Moderate | 0.039 |
| Appiah et al. [54] | 2019 | Ghana | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2013–2014 | Non‐random | 345 | 28 | 41 (11) | PLHIV ≥18 years | Moderate | 0.021 |
| Zungu et al. [34] | 2019 | South Africa | Urban; rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2015–2016 | Random | 2648 | 23 | − | PLHIV educators ≥18 years | Moderate | 0.009 |
| Sogbanmu et al. [35] | 2019 | South Africa | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2016–2017 | Random | 335 | 31 | − | PLHIV adults, ART naive | Moderate | 0.026 |
| Jeremiah et al. [47] | 2020 | Tanzania | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2016–2017 | Non‐random | ART naïve: 956; on ART: 336 | 39 | 41 (11) | PLHIV ≥ 18 years, ART naïve or on ART | Moderate | 0.009 |
| Kato et al. [49] | 2020 | Tanzania | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2017 | Non‐random | 612 | 30 | 47 (42–52) | PLHIV ≥18 years: ART naïve or on ART ≥5 years | Moderate | 0.021 |
| Gebrie et al. [42] | 2020 | Ethiopia | Urban; rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2019 | Random | 407 | 40 | 38.6 (10.29) | PLHIV ≥18 years on ART ≥6 months | Low | 0.027 |
| Duguma et al. [43] | 2020 | Ethiopia | Urban; rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2019 | Random | 271 | 37 | 38.5 (8.98) | PLHIV ≥18 years on ART ≥3 months | Moderate | 0.038 |
| Woldesemayat [44] | 2020 | Ethiopia | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2016 | Random | 382 | 39 | 35 (10) | PLHIV ≥18 years on ART | Low | 0.014 |
| Singano et al. [63] | 2021 | Malawi | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2018 | Non‐random | 1316 | 30 | 44 (38–53) | PLHIV ≥18 years on ART ≥6 months | Moderate | 0.008 |
| Umar and Naidoo [36] | 2021 | South Africa | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2005–2009 | Random | 1203 | 34 | 29–48 (60%) | PLHIV ≥18 years on ART ≥6 months | Moderate | 0.016 |
| Chiwandire et al. [16] | 2021 | South Africa | Urban; rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2005 | Random | 978 | 32 | − | PLHIV ≥25 years | Moderate | 0.012 |
| Chiwandire et al. [16] | 2021 | South Africa | Urban; rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2008 | Random | 1023 | 31 | − | PLHIV ≥25 years | Moderate | 0.011 |
| Chiwandire et al. [16] | 2021 | South Africa | Urban; rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2017 | Random | 2483 | 29 | − | PLHIV ≥25 years | Moderate | 0.008 |
| Rajagopaul and Naidoo [37] | 2021 | South Africa | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2017 | Non‐random | 301 | 37.5 | 41.6 (11) | PLHIV ≥18 years, on ART | Moderate | 0.016 |
| Kubiak et al. [38] | 2021 | South Africa | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2017–2019 | Non‐random | 1207 | 44.4 | 31.3 (9.5) | PLHIV ≥18 years, ART naive | Moderate | 0.008 |
| Njoroge et al. [59] | 2021 | Kenya | Urban; rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2018 | Random | 600 | 36.2 | 46.8 (41.6–53.1) | PLHIV >35 years old, on ART for at least 5 years | Low | 0.017 |
| Chezac et al. [81] | 2021 | Zimbawe | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2010 | Non‐random | 203 | 37 | − | PLHIV on ART enrolled at Chitungwiza Central Hospital's Opportunistic Infections Clinic in 2010 | Moderate | 0.034 |
| Sanuade et al. [55] | 2021 | Ghana | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | – | Random | 525 | 84 | 33.6 (5.0) | PLHIV ≥18 years | Moderate | 0.031 |
| Sarfo et al. [56] | 2021 | Ghana | Urban; rural | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | – | Non‐random | 502 | 24.8 | 44 | PLHIV ≥30 years | Moderate | 0.022 |
| Hird et al. [39] | 2021 | South Africa | Urban | Population‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2014 | Random | 487 | − | − | PLHIV ≥18 years | Low | 0.01 |
| Hema et al. [82] | 2021 | Burkina Faso | Urban | Clinic‐based | Cross‐sectional | 2018 | Non‐random | 4259 | 26.1 | 45 (38–52) | PLHIV >18 years old on ART | Moderate | 0.008 |
Abbreviation: PLHIV, people living with HIV.