Skip to main content
. 2023 Mar 16;26(3):e26059. doi: 10.1002/jia2.26059

Table 2.

Summary statistics for the meta‐analyses of the prevalence studies on diabetes in people with HIV in Africa using random effects model and double‐arcsine transformations

Group Sub‐group Criteria N studies N participants N cases Prevalence (95 CI) H (95 CI) I 2 (95 CI) p‐heterogeneity p‐dif criteria p‐diff sub‐groups p‐Egger test
Overall Any criteria 62 86,412 3559 5.05 [4.27–5.89] 4.59 [4.25–4.94] 95.2 [94.5–95.9] <0.001 0.937 0.002
Biochemical criteria only 0.165
OGTT 13 5213 217 3.31 [1.93–5.02] 2.95 [2.37–3.67] 88.5 [82.1–92.6] <0.001 0.390
FBG 9 2405 229 7.89 [4.56–12.00] 3.29 [2.56–4.23] 90.7 [84.7–94.4] <0.001 0.401
RBG 2 459 37 6.30 [1.40–19.46] 4.33 [2.47–7.58] 94.7 [83.6–98.3] <0.001 –
HbA1c 7 4155 287 5.06 [1.70–9.99] 5.82 [4.74–7.14] 97.0 [95.5–98.0] <0.001 0.632
Mixed criteria 4 6750 293 3.08 [0.00–12.30] 14.70 [12.57–17.18] 99.5 [99.4–99.7] <0.001 0.541
Self‐report only 0.274
Self‐report 13 14,797 470 3.48 [2.17–5.07] 4.63 [3.91–5.48] 95.3 [93.5–96.7] <0.001 0.264
Patient folder 7 5453 332 5.00 [2.85–7.71] 3.94 [3.03–5.11] 93.5 [89.1–96.2] <0.001 0.417
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report <0.001
OGTT 5 1932 138 6.18 [2.49–11.31] 3.96 [2.89–5.43] 93.6 [88.0–96.6] <0.001 0.846
FBG 14 10,001 702 7.16 [5.31–9.26] 3.49 [2.88–4.22] 91.8 [87.9–94.4] <0.001 0.683
RBG 1 1502 7 0.47 [0.17–0.89] − − − −
HbA1c 4 2991 153 4.86 [2.40–8.10] 3.18 [2.11–4.78] 90.1 [77.6–95.6] <0.001 0.998
Mixed criteria 13 55,145 1740 4.15 [3.05–5.41] 4.52 [3.81–5.36] 95.1 [93.1–96.5] <0.001 0.215
Age
Median age, 41 years old ≥39 years Any criteria 25 18,378 1053 5.96 [4.51–7.60] 4.20 [3.70–4.77] 94.3 [92.7–95.6] <0.001 0.002 0.129 0.448
Biochemical criteria only 0.375
OGTT 2 1440 125 11.99 [3.71–24.02] 3.74 [2.05–6.83] 92.8 [76.1–97.9] <0.001 0.016 0.523
FBG 6 1580 131 7.67 [3.70–12.87] 3.30 [2.41–4.52] 90.8 [82.8–95.1] <0.001 0.891 0.986
RBG 1 270 33 12.22 [8.56–16.42] − − − −
HbA1c 5 2461 254 6.91 [2.75–12.71] 4.40 [3.27–5.92] 94.8 [90.7–97.1] <0.001 0.019 0.176
Mixed criteria 3 3771 280 4.48 [0.00–20.26] 15.84 [13.22–18.98] 99.6 [99.4–99.7] <0.001 − 0.915
Self‐report 0.091
Self‐report 7 6561 209 3.78 [2.39–5.47] 2.99 [2.21–4.06] 88.8 [79.5–93.9] <0.001 0.686 0.180
Patient folder 2 1535 37 2.40 [1.64–3.28] 1.04 [–] 8.3 [–] 0.296 0.774 −
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report 0.346
OGTT 2 546 54 6.66 [0.00–30.20] 7.54 [5.01–11.36] 98.2 [96.0–99.2] <0.001 0.919
FBG 7 7057 487 6.89 [3.84–10.72] 4.74 [3.76–5.99] 95.6 [92.9–97.2] <0.001 0.802 0.997
RBG 0 − − − − − −
HbA1c 3 2707 129 3.96 [1.52–7.46] 3.43 [2.14–5.50] 91.5 [78.2–96.7] <0.001 0.050 0.736
Mixed criteria 8 4359 165 3.89 [2.88–5.04] 1.71 [1.17–2.49] 65.7 [27.1–83.9] 0.004 0.328 0.296
<39 years Any criteria 24 55,455 1868 4.50 [3.45–5.68] 3.99 [3.49–4.56] 93.7 [91.8–95.2] <0.001 0.131 0.002
Biochemical criteria only 0.095
OGTT 7 2142 54 2.33 [1.60–3.18] 1.13 [1.00–1.68] 21.2 [0.0–64.5] 0.267 0.883
FBG 3 825 98 8.28 [2.44–16.99] 3.42 [2.13–5.48] 91.4 [78.0–96.7] <0.001 0.070
RBG 0 − − − − − −
HbA1c 1 1207 26 2.15 [1.40–3.06] − − −
Mixed criteria 0 − − − − − −
Self‐report 0.148
Self‐report 3 2147 75 3.48 [2.74–4.30] 1.00 [1.00–3.10] 0.0 [0.0–89.6] 0.699 0.327
Patient folder 1 382 8 2.09 [0.86–3.81] − − −
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report <0.001
OGTT 3 1386 84 5.90 [4.18–7.89] 1.41 [1.00–2.62] 49.7 [0.0–85.4] 0.136 0.815
FBG 6 2482 178 7.42 [5.41–9.72] 2.05 [1.37–3.07] 76.2 [46.6–89.4] 0.001 0.034
RBG 1 1502 7 0.47 [0.17–0.89] − − −
HbA1c 1 284 24 8.45 [5.47–11.99] − − −
Mixed criteria 5 47,131 1490 5.14 [3.32–7.32] 4.88 [3.70–6.45] 95.8 [92.7–97.6] <0.001 0.165
Gender
Men Any criteria 22 8142 423 4.85 [3.59–6.29] 2.67 [2.24–3.18] 86.0 [80.0–90.1] <0.001 0.223 0.524 0.994
Biochemical criteria only <0.001
OGTT 2 540 8 1.43 [0.53–2.68] 1.00 00.0 0.923 0.278
FBG 2 170 15 8.54 [4.64–13.38] 1.00 00.0 0.325 0.249
RBG 0 − − − − − −
HbA1c 2 581 13 1.85 [0.79–3.25] 1.00 00.0 0.737 0.625
Mixed criteria 0 − − − − − −
Self‐report 0.798
Self‐report 6 2428 92 3.36 [1.89–5.22] 2.20 [1.49–3.25] 79.3 [54.8–90.5] <0.001 0.990 0.647
Patient folder 3 567 19 3.71 [0.95–7.95] 2.03 [1.12–3.69] 75.8 [20.3–92.7] 0.016 0.589 0.308
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report 0.115
OGTT 1 157 10 6.37 [3.01–10.80] − − − 0.889
FBG 5 1873 164 8.05 [4.95–11.81] 2.30 [1.51–3.51] 81.1 [56.1–91.9] <0.001 0.119 0.763
RBG 0 − − − − − −
HbA1c 0 − − − − − −
Mixed criteria 6 3104 141 4.28 [2.59–6.35] 2.45 [1.69–3.55] 83.4 [65.2–92.1] <0.001 0.958 0.963
Women Any criteria 22 17,846 827 4.47 [3.66–5.36] 2.60 [2.17–3.11] 85.2 [78.8–89.7] <0.001 0.324 0.946
Biochemical criteria only 0.009
OGTT 2 1298 32 2.48 [1.40–3.85] 1.41 [–] 49.8 [–] 0.158 –
FBG 2 419 26 6.14 [3.99–8.68] 1.00 [–] 0.0 [–] 0.493 –
RBG 0 − − − − − −
HbA1c 2 801 20 2.85 [0.84–5.87] 1.61 [1.00–3.35] 61.5 [0.0–91.1] 0.107 –
Mixed criteria 0 − − − − − −
Self‐report 0.636
Self‐report 6 6370 262 3.46 [2.16–5.05] 3.07 [2.21–4.26] 89.4 [79.5–94.5] <0.001 0.179
Patient folder 3 1178 32 2.80 [1.25–4.88] 1.71 [1.00–3.18] 65.6 [0.0–90.1] 0.054 0.663
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report 0.297
OGTT 1 591 37 6.26 [4.44–8.37]
FBG 5 4673 280 5.82 [4.41–7.40] 1.70 [1.05–2.75] 65.3 [9.1–86.7] 0.021 0.957
RBG 0 − − − − − −
HbA1c 0 − − − − − −
Mixed criteria 6 5206 203 4.28 [2.66–6.24] 3.13 [2.26–4.33] 89.8 [80.5–94.7] <0.001 0.096
BMI
Median BMI, 23 kg/m2 BMI≥23 kg/m2 Any criteria 13 5913 408 7.06 [4.66–9.89] 3.72 [3.07–4.50] 92.8 [89.4–95.1] <0.001 0.002 0.106 0.433
Biochemical criteria only 0.095
OGTT 5 1718 49 2.71 [1.97–3.57] 1.00 [1.00–2.19] 0.0 [0.0–79.2] 0.532 0.175 0.441
FBG 2 272 39 14.93 [1.49–37.95] 4.36 [2.49–7.62] 94.7 [83.9–98.3] <0.001 0.314 –
HbA1c 1 1207 26 2.15 [1.40–3.06] − − − 0.011 –
Self‐report 0.685
Self‐report 2 1206 41 3.38 [2.42–4.49] 1.00 00.0 0.418 0.284
Patient folder 1 502 15 2.99 [1.66–4.68] − − − –
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report 0.418
OGTT 2 1054 99 10.97 [2.78–23.55] 5.07 [3.02–8.49] 96.1 [89.1–98.6] <0.001 0.303 –
FBG 3 1265 112 8.02 [1.84–17.86] 5.34 [3.70–7.71] 96.5 [92.7–98.3] <0.001 0.773 0.938
HbA1c 1 502 35 6.97 [4.90–9.38] − − − 0.439
Mixed criteria 2 2276 128 5.60 [4.69–6.59] 1.00 [–] 00.0 [–] 0.909 0.430
BMI<23 kg/m2 Any criteria 14 13,511 614 4.51 [2.81–6.57] 4.91 [4.20–5.73] 95.8 [94.3–97.0] <0.001 0.606 0.832
Biochemical criteria only <0.001
OGTT 1 273 4 1.47 [0.31–3.31] − − −
FBG 2 543 36 6.54 [4.57–8.81] − − −
HbA1c 1 118 8 6.78 [2.84–12.13] 1.00 00.0 0.498
Mixed criteria 1 1316 2 0.15 [0.00–0.46] − − −
Self‐report −
Self‐report 3 1678 61 6.43 [1.46–14.36] 3.98 [2.57–6.14] 93.7 [84.9–97.4] <0.001
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report <0.001
OGTT 2 638 37 5.61 [2.60–9.64] 1.95 [1.00–4.11] 73.7 [0.0–94.1] 0.051
FBG 5 5516 397 7.34 [3.96–11.62] 3.76 [2.72–5.21] 92.9 [86.5–96.3] <0.001 0.978
RBG 1 1502 7 0.47 [0.17–0.89] − − −
HbA1c 1 284 24 8.45 [5.47–11.99] − − −
Mixed criteria 5 5577 190 4.53 [2.41–7.26] 4.02 [2.94–5.50] 93.8 [88.5–96.7] <0.001 0.083
Area
Combined Any criteria 21 13,590 765 5.99 [4.68–7.45] 3.23 [2.75–3.80] 90.4 [86.7–93.1] <0.001 <0.001 0.308 0.163
Biochemical criteria only 0.126
OGTT 4 1612 47 2.81 [2.03–3.70] 1.00 [1.00–2.56] 0.0 [0.0–84.7] 0.395 0.621 0.162
FBG 3 418 13 3.00 [1.02–5.82] 1.39 [1.00–2.58] 48.4 [0.0–85.0] 0.143 0.002 0.103
RBG 0 − − − − − −
HbA1c 1 118 8 6.78 [2.84–12.13] − − − 0.360
Mixed criteria 0 − − − − − − 0.818
Self‐report 0.950
Self‐report 7 8212 369 4.36 [3.13–5.78] 2.69 [1.95–3.72] 86.2 [73.7–92.8] <0.001 <0.001 0.934
Patient folder 2 832 36 4.46 [1.72–8.35] 2.29 [1.11–4.74] 81.0 [19.0–95.5] 0.021 0.757
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report 0.008
OGTT 3 1360 111 8.29 [2.93–15.98] 4.21 [2.76–6.41] 94.4 [86.9–97.6] <0.001 0.342 0.757
FBG 7 2824 248 9.48 [6.43–13.04] 2.97 [2.18–4.03] 88.6 [79.0–93.8] <0.001 0.194 0.098
HbA1c 2 2328 125 5.72 [3.88–7.87] 1.76 [1.00–3.71] 67.9 [0.0–92.8] 0.077 0.679
Mixed criteria 2 1552 69 4.43 [3.46–5.52] 1.00 00.0 0.394 <0.001
Urban Any criteria 37 68,894 2652 4.80 [3.81–5.88] 4.88 [4.44–5.36] 95.8 [94.9–96.5] <0.001 0.217 0.033
Biochemical criteria only 0.001
OGTT 9 3601 170 3.38 [1.48–5.97] 3.47 [2.72–4.42] 91.7 [86.5–94.9] <0.001 0.324
FBG 6 1987 216 10.70 [6.56–15.68] 3.21 [2.33–4.42] 90.3 [81.6–94.9] <0.001 0.861
RBG 1 270 33 12.22 [8.56–16.42] − − −
HbA1c 5 3537 260 5.04 [1.01–11.78] 7.03 [5.63–8.78] 98.0 [96.8–98.7] <0.001 0.644
Mixed criteria 3 5584 272 3.58 [0.00–18.00] 17.99 [15.24–21.22] 99.7 [99.6–99.8] <0.001 0.624
Self‐report 0.178
Self‐report 5 5419 86 2.64 [0.90–5.21] 4.33 [3.21–5.85] 94.7 [90.3–97.1] <0.001 0.019
Patient folder 5 4621 296 5.21 [2.51–8.78] 4.56 [3.41–6.09] 95.2 [91.4–97.3] <0.001 0.542
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report 0.697
OGTT 2 572 27 3.47 [0.00–12.74] 4.23 [2.40–7.45] 94.4 [82.6–98.2] <0.001
FBG 6 6074 409 5.53 [3.00–8.74] 3.75 [2.80–5.02] 92.9 [87.2–96.0] <0.001 0.508
HbA1c 2 663 28 3.91 [0.00–14.17] 4.81 [2.83–8.18] 95.7 [87.5–98.5] <0.001
Mixed criteria 10 52,459 1585 3.76 [2.62–5.10] 4.53 [3.72–5.51] 95.1 [92.8–96.7] <0.001 0.526
Rural Any criteria 5 3928 142 3.83 [0.94–8.40] 5.59 [4.33–7.23] 96.8 [94.7–98.1] <0.001 0.382 0.621
Biochemical criteria only 0.065
RBG 1 189 4 2.12 [0.45–4.76] − − −
HbA1c 1 500 19 3.80 [2.28–5.67] − − −
Mixed criteria 1 1166 21 1.80 [1.11–2.65] − − −
Self‐report − − −
Self‐report 23 1166 15 1.29 [0.71–2.02] − − −
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report <0.001
FBG 2 1103 45 5.98 [1.02–14.28] 2.56 [1.27–5.18] 84.8 [37.9–96.3] 0.010
RBG 1 1502 7 0.47 [0.17–0.89] − − −
Mixed criteria 1 1134 86 7.58 [6.11–9.20] − − −
Study setting
Clinic‐based Any criteria 54 77,474 3133 5.21 [4.32–6.19] 4.78 [4.41–5.17] 95.6 [94.9–96.3] <0.001 0.970 0.193 0.003
Biochemical criteria only <0.001
OGTT 12 4726 207 3.45 [1.94–5.33] 3.00 [2.39–3.76] 88.9 [82.5–92.9] <0.001 0.165 0.387
FBG 9 2405 229 7.89 [4.56–12.00] 3.29 [2.56–4.23] 90.7 [84.7–94.4] <0.001 − 0.400
RBG 1 270 33 12.22 [8.56–16.42] <0.001
HbA1c 6 3668 280 5.88 [1.97–11.61] 5.84 [4.67–7.30] 97.1 [95.4–98.1] – <0.001 0.028 0.748
Mixed criteria 4 6750 293 3.08 [0.00–12.30] 14.70 [12.57–17.18] 99.5 [99.4–99.7] <0.001 − 0.541
Self‐report 0.164
Self‐report 8 7669 144 2.93 [1.47–4.85] 4.06 [3.20–5.14] 93.9 [90.2–96.2] <0.001 0.234 0.001
Patient folder 7 5453 332 5.00 [2.85–7.71] 3.94 [3.03–5.11] 93.5 [89.1–96.2] <0.001 − 0.417
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report <0.001
OGTT 5 1932 138 6.18 [2.49–11.31] 3.96 [2.89–5.43] 93.6 [88.0–96.6] <0.001 − 0.846
FBG 14 10,001 702 7.16 [5.31–9.26] 3.49 [2.88–4.22] 91.8 [87.9–94.4] <0.001 − 0.683
RBG 1 1502 7 0.47 [0.17–0.89] − − − −
HbA1c 4 2991 153 4.86 [2.40–8.10] 3.18 [2.11–4.78] 90.1 [77.6–95.6] <0.001 − 0.998
Mixed criteria 12 54,011 1654 3.88 [2.84–5.06] 4.21 [3.50–5.07] 94.4 [91.8–96.1] <0.001 <0.001 0.347
Community‐based Any criteria 8 8938 426 4.18 [2.98–5.57] 2.83 [2.12–3.79] 87.6 [77.7–93.1] <0.001 0.441
Biochemical criteria only 0.693
OGTT 1 487 10 2.05 [0.95–3.53] − − −
RBG 1 189 4 2.12 [0.45–4.76] − − −
HbA1c 1 487 7 1.44 [0.54–2.72] − − −
Self‐report
Self‐report 5 7128 326 4.32 [3.10–5.73] 2.54 [1.70–3.79] 84.5 [65.2–93.1] <0.001 0.761
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report
Mixed criteria 1 1134 86 7.58 [6.11–9.20] – – –
Publication year
Median publication year 2018 2018 or later Any criteria 34 28,020 1547 5.78 [4.42–7.29] 5.00 [4.54–5.51] 96.0 [95.2–96.7] <0.001 0.559 0.063 0.138
Biochemical criteria only 0.722
OGTT 3 2449 127 3.90 [1.21–7.99] 4.19 [2.75–6.40] 94.3 [86.8–97.6] <0.001 0.740 0.120
FBG 6 1863 177 6.72 [3.25–11.27] 3.33 [2.43–4.55] 91.0 [83.1–95.2] <0.001 0.601 0.067
HbA1c 5 3480 261 5.56 [1.21–12.65] 7.01 [5.61–8.75] 98.0 [96.8–98.7] <0.001 0.548 0.765
Mixed criteria 3 5584 272 3.58 [0.00–18.00] 17.99 [15.24–21.22] 99.7 [99.6–99.8] <0.001 0.818 0.624
Self‐report 0.359
Self‐report 10 12,925 427 3.64 [2.08–560] 5.13 [4.27–6.15] 96.2 [94.5–97.4] <0.001 0.686 0.333
Patient folder 5 2620 166 5.16 [2.60–849] 3.21 [2.25–4.58] 90.3 [80.3–95.2] <0.001 0.858 0.349
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report <0.001
OGTT 5 1932 138 6.18 [2.49–11.31] 3.96 [2.89–5.43] 93.6 [88.0–96.6] <0.001 − 0.846
FBG 8 6608 562 10.21 [7.99–12.67] 2.45 [1.79–3.36] 83.3 [68.7–91.1] <0.001 <0.001 0.029
RBG 1 1502 7 0.47 [0.17–0.89] – – –
HbA1c 4 2991 153 4.86 [2.40–8.10] 3.18 [2.11–4.78] 90.1 [77.6–95.6] <0.001 0.998
Mixed criteria 8 6718 195 4.15 [2.05–6.92] 4.60 [3.69–5.73] 94.4 [91.6–96.3] <0.001 0.737 0.007
Before 2018 Any criteria 28 58,392 2012 4.18 [3.33–5.12] 3.53 [3.10–4.03] 92.0 [89.6–93.9] <0.001 0.871 0.055
Biochemical criteria only 0.012
OGTT 10 2764 90 3.12 [1.61–5.06] 2.49 [1.89–3.29] 83.9 [72.0–90.8] <0.001 0.361
FBG 3 542 52 10.86 [2.49–23.83] 3.94 [2.55–6.10] 93.6 [84.6–97.3] <0.001 0.269
RBG 2 459 37 6.30 [0.14–19.46] 4.33 [2.47–7.58] 94.7 [83.6–98.3] <0.001
HbA1c 2 675 26 3.81 [2.46–5.42] 1.00 00.0 0.833
Mixed criteria 1 1166 21 1.80 [0.11–2.65] – – –
Self‐report 0.597
Self‐report 3 1872 43 2.96 [0.92–6.04] 2.91 [1.75–4.86] 88.2 [67.2–95.8] <0.001 0.068
Patient folder 2 2833 166 4.64 [0.63–12.01] 7.13 [4.67–10.89] 98.0 [95.4–99.2] <0.001
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report 0.566
FBG 6 3393 140 3.90 [2.28–5.91] 2.70 [1.90–3.84] 86.3 [72.4–93.2] <0.001 0.921
Mixed criteria 5 48,427 1545 4.28 [2.88–5.95] 4.64 [3.48–6.18] 94.8 [91.4–96.8] <0.001 0.053
CD4 count level
Median CD4 count = 358 cells/μl CD4 count≥358 cells/μl Any criteria 14 9805 588 5.55 [3.28–8.36] 4.93 [4.22–5.75] 95.9 [94.4–97.0] <0.001 0.002 0.298 0.955
Biochemical criteria only <0.001
OGTT 2 780 25 3.55 [1.34–6.66] 1.46 [1.00–2.93] 53.0 [0.0–88.3] 0.144 0.303
FBG 4 843 52 6.05 [4.50–7.80] 1.00 [1.00–2.56] 0.0 [0.0–84.7] 0.520 0.718 0.262
HbA1c 2 293 15 5.05 [2.65–8.11] 1.05 9.9 0.292 0.111
Mixed criteria 1 1166 21 1.80 [1.11–2.65] − − − <0.001
Self‐report 0.309
Self‐report 4 2490 73 4.14 [1.55–7.83] 3.61 [2.47–5.29] 92.3 [83.6–96.4] <0.001 0.164 0.087
Patient folder 2 884 23 2.58 [1.62–3.75] 1.00 00.0 0.426 0.464 –
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report <0.001
OGTT 2 988 49 3.09 [0.01–10.41] 4.13 [2.33–7.33] 94.1 [81.5–98.1] <0.001 0.218
FBG 5 5642 446 9.47 [5.31–14.64] 4.28 [3.17–5.79] 94.5 [90.0–97.0] <0.001 0.506 0.560
RBG 1 1502 7 0.47 [0.17–0.89] − − − –
HbA1c 1 502 35 6.97 [4.90–9.38] − − − 0.439
Mixed criteria 2 1058 56 5.29 [4.01–6.73] 1.00 00.0 0.704
CD4 count<358 cells/μl Any criteria 13 9974 374 4.06 [2.72–5.65] 3.42 [2.80–4.19] 91.5 [87.2–94.3] <0.001 0.027 0.289
Biochemical criteria only <0.001
OGTT 4 1211 28 2.22 [1.43–3.17] 1.00 [1.00–2.56] 0.0 [0.0–84.7] 0.641 0.690
FBG 2 272 30 10.13 [0.00–44.88] 6.69 [4.31–10.39] 97.8 [94.6–99.1] <0.001
HbA1c 2 1707 45 2.82 [1.42–4.67] 1.88 [1.00–3.96] 71.6 [0.0–93.6] 0.060
Mixed criteria 1 1316 2 0.15 [0.00–0.46] − − −
Self‐report − − − 0.916
Self‐report 1 1316 29 2.20 [1.47–3.07] − − −
Patient folder 1 1033 22 2.13 [1.33–3.11] − − −
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report − − − 0.229
OGTT 1 332 25 7.53 [4.91–10.64] − − −
FBG 2 740 58 7.78 [5.78–10.05] 1.09 16.5 0.273
HbA1c 1 284 24 8.45 [5.47–11.99] − − −
Mixed criteria 5 7050 277 4.78 [2.65–7.47] 4.58 [3.43–6.12] 95.2 [91.5–97.3] <0.001 0.167
ART use
Combined Any criteria 18 18,294 926 5.38 [3.82–7.18] 4.92 [4.29–5.64] 95.9 [94.6–96.9] <0.001 0.928 0.827 0.142
Biochemical criteria only <0.001
OGTT 2 967 23 2.18 [1.02–3.75] 1.36 46.3 0.172 0.404
FBG 2 1020 134 12.97 [8.38–18.37] 2.42 [1.18–4.95] 82.9 [28.8–95.9] 0.015 0.006
RBG 1 189 4 2.12 [0.45–4.76] <0.001
HbA1c 1 500 19 3.80 [2.28–5.67] − − − 0.644
Mixed criteria 1 2979 13 0.44 [0.23–0.71] − − − <0.001
Self‐report 0.001
Self‐report 9 11,739 396 3.43 [1.84–5.48] 5.21 [4.31–6.31] 96.3 [94.6–97.5] <0.001 0.918 0.484
Patient folder 2 2130 165 7.70 [6.60–8.88] 1.00 00.0 0.324 0.005
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report
OGTT 1 748 47 6.28 [4.65–8.14] − − − 0.956
FBG 3 1719 96 6.60 [2.87–11.67] 3.43 [2.14–5.50] 91.5 [78.2–96.7] <0.001 0.847 0.196
Mixed criteria 3 5065 150 3.61 [0.50–9.31] 7.95 [5.97–10.59] 98.4 [97.2–99.1] <0.001 0.304 0.283
No ART Any criteria 17 48,048 1633 5.16 [3.56–7.01] 4.05 [3.46–4.74] 93.9 [91.6–95.6] <0.001 0.927 0.040
Biochemical criteria only <0.001
OGTT 5 2220 119 3.22 [0.96–6.67] 3.60 [2.58–5.02] 92.3 [85.0–96.0] <0.001 0.015
FBG 2 244 33 12.67 [0.00–41.12] 5.21 [3.14–8.66] 96.3 [89.8–98.7] <0.001
HbA1c 3 2476 200 5.53 [0.04–18.54] 9.93 [7.75–12.73] 99.0 [98.3–99.4] <0.001 0.901
Mixed criteria 1 954 223 23.38 [20.74–26.12] − − −
Self‐report − − −
Self‐report 0 − − − − − −
Patient folder 1 244 8 3.28 [1.65–6.42] − − −
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report <0.001
OGTT 2 638 37 5.61 [2.60–9.64] 1.95 [1.00–4.11] 73.7 [0.0–94.1] 0.051
FBG 5 1112 98 8.07 [4.09–13.17] 2.65 [1.79–3.93] 85.8 [68.8–93.5] <0.001 0.964
RBG 1 285 1 0.35 [0.00–1.50] − − − 0.960
HbA1c 2 528 40 7.55 [5.42–9.98] 1.00 00.0 0.421 0.100
Mixed criteria 4 44,213 1411 6.03 [3.12–9.77] 5.25 [3.87–7.13] 96.4 [93.3–98.0] <0.001 0.138
ART use Any criteria 35 20,070 1000 4.72 [3.54–6.05] 3.99 [3.57–4.45] 93.7 [92.2–94.9] <0.001 0.761 0.652
Biochemical criteria only 0.001
OGTT 8 2026 75 3.79 [1.78–6.45] 2.63 [1.94–3.56] 85.5 [73.4–92.1] <0.001 0.221
FBG 5 1141 62 4.83 [2.83–7.30] 1.68 [1.04–2.72] 64.5 [6.7–86.5] 0.023 0.415
RBG 1 270 33 12.22 [8.56–16.42] − − −
HbA1c 5 1179 68 5.03 [2.79–7.84] 1.91 [1.20–3.02] 72.5 [30.9–89.0] 0.005 0.385
Mixed criteria 3 2817 57 2.67 [0.06–8.50] 6.67 [4.84–9.19] 97.8 [95.7–98.8] <0.001 0.265
Self‐report
Self‐report 4 3058 74 3.52 [1.43–6.45] 3.40 [2.29–5.03] 91.3 [80.9–96.1] <0.001 0.089
Patient folder 5 3079 159 4.17 [1.56–7.90] 4.13 [3.04–5.62] 94.1 [89.2–96.8] <0.001 0.694
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report <0.001
OGTT 2 546 54 6.66 [0.00–30.20] 7.54 [5.01–11.36] 98.2 [96.0–99.2] <0.001
FBG 10 7170 508 6.90 [4.63–9.58] 3.41 [2.71–4.31] 91.4 [86.3–94.6] <0.001 0.979
RBG 1 1217 6 0.49 [0.16–0.98] − − −
HbA1c 3 2463 113 3.96 [1.32–7.87] 3.30 [2.04–5.34] 90.8 [76.0–96.5] <0.001 0.831
Mixed criteria 7 5867 179 3.48 [2.42–4.72] 2.11 [1.46–3.05] 77.6 [53.4–89.2] <0.001 0.102
ART duration
Median duration of ART use = 4.5 years On ART for ≥4.5 years Any criteria 12 9824 514 4.56 [2.77–6.74] 4.21 [3.49–5.07] 94.4 [91.8–96.1] <0.001 0.031 0.550 0.570
Biochemical criteria only <0.001
OGTT 1 150 27 18.00 [12.23–24.59] <0.001
FBG 4 977 51 4.41 [2.16–7.35] 1.87 [1.11–3.15] 71.3 [18.1–89.9] 0.015 − 0.355
RBG 1 270 33 12.22 [8.56–16.42] − − − −
HbA1c 2 497 33 6.57 [4.52–8.96] 1.00 00.0 0.872 −
Mixed criteria 1 1316 1 0.15 [0.00–0.46] − − − 0.001
Self‐report 0.096
Self‐report 3 1856 63 5.48 [1.63–11.29] 3.69 [2.35–5.81] 92.7 [81.9–97.0]‐ <0.001 0.101 0.102
Patient folder 2 1415 30 2.10 [1.40–2.93] 1.00 00.0 0.962 0.280
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report 0.005
OGTT 1 240 2 0.83 [0.01–2.50] − − − <0.001
FBG 4 5844 379 6.35 [2.96–10.87] 4.64 [3.34–6.45] 95.4 [91.0–97.6] <0.001 0.960 0.839
HbA1c 1 379 4 1.06 [0.22–2.39] − − − <0.001
Mixed criteria 2 1916 61 3.50 [1.36–6.56] 2.92 [1.49–5.72] 88.3 [55.2–96.9] 0.003 0.255
On ART for <4.5 years Any criteria 12 7191 300 3.68 [1.89–5.99] 4.37 [3.65–5.24] 94.8 [92.5–96.4] <0.001 0.234 0.725
Biochemical criteria only 0.336
OGTT 4 926 22 2.28 [1.14–3.75] 1.21 [1.00–2.02] 31.7 [0.0–75.5] 0.222 0.450
Mixed criteria 1 1166 21 1.80 [1.11–2.65] − − −
Self‐report 0.325
Self‐report 2 1624 28 1.90 [0.66–3.74] 2.06 [1.00–4.32] 76.5 [0.0–94.6] 0.039
Patient folder 1 502 15 2.99 [1.66–4.68] − − −
Biochemical criteria and/or self‐report <0.001
OGTT 1 332 25 7.53 [4.91–10.64] − − −
FBG 3 1234 95 6.16 [0.85–15.63] 5.50 [3.84–7.89] 96.7 [93.2–98.4] <0.001 0.633
RBG 1 1502 7 0.47 [0.17–0.89] − − −
HbA1c 2 786 59 7.48 [5.73–9.44] 1.00 00.0 0.439
Mixed criteria 5 3861 217 5.61 [3.38–8.35] 2.31 [1.70–3.14] 81.3 [65.6–89.9] <0.001 0.786

Abbreviations: FBG, fasting blood glucose; OGTT, oral glucose tolerant test; RBG, random blood glucose.

– not computable.