Table 1.

List of medicinal plants and their potent bioactive compounds for the possible therapeutic use in various diseases of aquaculture.

Scientific name	Common name	Part used	Bioactive compounds	Properties	References
Scutellaria baicalensis	Chinese skullcap	Aerial part	Baicalin, baicalein, 7-O-glucuronide and oroxylin A	Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory	[29]
Castanea sativa	Sweet chestnut	Phenolic extract of shell	Trigalloyl-HHDP-glucose, gallic acid and quercetin	Antibacterial and antioxidant	[30]
Pandanus tectorius	Screw pine	Leave powder extract	p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, syringaldehyde, E-ferulaldehyde, E-sinapinaldehyde, vanillin and 5-hydroxymethylfurfual	Antibacterial and antioxidant	[31]
Aloe vera	Aloe-vera	Leaves	7-hydroxyaloin A and 7-hydroxyaloin B, (8-O-methyl-7-hydroxyaloin A and 8-O-methyl-7-hydroxyaloin B	Antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties	[32]
Elaeagnus angustifolia	Russian olive	Leaves extract	Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, gallic acid and anthocyanin	Antimicrobial, antioxidant and antimutagenic	[33]
Coffea arabica	Arabian coffee	Coffee silver skin	Chlorogenic acids, caffeine, trigonelline, melanoidins and diterpenes	Antibacterial	[34]
Citrus limon	Lemon	Lemon peels	Caffeoyl N-Tryptophan, hydroxycinnamoyl-Oglucoside acid, vicenin 2, eriocitrin, kaempferol-3-O- rutinoside, and quercetin-3-rutinoside	Antibacterial and antifungal	[35]
Nigella sativa	Black cumin	Seed	Thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, dithymoquinone, p-cymene, carvacrol, 4-terpineol, t-anethole, sesquiterpene, α-pinene, and thymol	Antibacterial	[36]
Arum maculatum	Cuckoo pint	Leaves	1,1-diphenyl 2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH), β-Carotene and tocopherols	Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant properties, antibacterial, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic and cardioprotective activities	[37]
Aloe barbadensis	Aloe vera	Leaf	Aloe-emodin, aloin, aloesin, emodin and acemannan	Antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral and anthelmintic	[38]
Thymus vulgaris	Common thyme	Oil	Borneol, carvacrol, cymol, linalool, thymol, tannin, apigenin, luteolin, saponins and triterpenic acid	Antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant	[39]
Achillea cucullata	Gandrain	Oil	Camphor, 1,8-cineole and isoborneol	Antioxidant, antibacterial antimicrobial and enzyme-inhibition activity	[40]
Anisomeles malabarica	Malabar catmint	Leaves	β-sitosterol, ovatodiolide, anisomelicacid, malabaric acid, anisomelol and triterpene betulinic acid	Antioxidant, antibacterial and antibacterial activities	[41]
Cynara cardunculus	Cardoon	Oil	5-O-caffeoylquinic, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-malonylhexoside, palmitic, linoleic, stearic, caproic and oleic acid	Antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, antifungal and antibacterial	[42]
Melocanna baccifera	Muli bamboo	Leaf	β-sitosterol, E-phytol, β-amyrin, syringic acid, blumenol B and tianshic acid	Antifungal, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antibacterial antitussive and immunomodulatory	[43]
Thymus linearis	Himalayan thyme	Oil	Thymol, carvacrol, thymyl acetate and β-caryophyllene	Antimicrobial, antibacterial antioxidant activity and antiseptic	[44]
Excoecaria agallocha	Mangrove	Leaf	Squalene, tochopherol, terpenoids	Antimicrobial, antibacterial and immunomodulatory	[45]
Mentha piperita	Peppermint	Oil	Menthone, iso-menthone, menthol, germacrene D, α-pinene, Limonene, 1,8-cineole and menthone	Antimicrobial, antibacterial and Immunostimulant	[46]
Ocimum sanctum	Tulsi	Leaves	Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid and salrigenin	Antioxidative, antimicrobial, antistress, antibacterial antidiabetic and antiviral	[47]
Citrus medica	Fingered citron	Fruit	Limonene, geranial and neral	Antifungal and antibacterial	[48]
Zingiber officinale	Zinger	Root	Zingiberene, β-bisabolene, α-farnesene, β-sesquiphellandrene, andα-curcumene, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol	Antioxidants, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and Antimicrobial	[49]
Cinnamomum cassia	Chinese cinnamon	Tree bark	Cinnamaldehyde, cinnamon oil, eugenol, salicylaldehyde and trans-cinnamic acid	Antioxidant, anti- inflammatory and antibacterial	[50]
Eriobotrya japonica	Japanese medlar	Leaves	Corosolic acid, 3-epicorosolic acid, euscaphic acid, oleanolic acid, maslinic acid (9), methyl arjunolate and betulinic acid	Antioxidant, anti- inflammatory and antibacterial	[51]
Tinospora cardifolia	Guduchi	Leaves	Berberine, choline, tinosporin, tinocordiside, furanolactone and β-sitosterol	Antibacterial	[52]
Withania somnifera	Ashwagandha	Root	Withaniol, withasomnine, somnirol, somnitol, withanic acid, phytosterol and ipuranol	Antibacterial	[53]
Toona sinensis	Chinese cedar	Leaves	Ursolic acid, bBetulic acid, cedrellin, phytol and scopoletin	Antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory	[54]
Punica granatum	Pomegranate	Leaves	Ellagic and gallic tannins	Antiviral and antibacterial	[55]
Thymus daenensis	Thyme	Oil	Thymol, p-cymene, 1,8-cineole, γ-terpinene and carvacrol	Antiseptic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, antibacterial antioxidant and antitussive agent	[56]
Indigofera suffruticosa	Indian indigo	Leaves	Syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, salicylic acid, quercetin, isoliquiritigenin, and formononetin	Antibacterial	[57]
Camellia sinensis	Tea plant	Leaves and buds	Catechins, epicatechins, theaflavins, flavonol glycosides, l-theanine, caffeine and theobromine	Antiparasitic and antibacterial	[58]
Allium sativum	Garlic	Tuber	Allicin, alliin, diallyl sulfide, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, ajoene, and S-allyl-cysteine	Hypolipidemic, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antihypertensive and hepatoprotective	[59]
Carica papaya	Pawpaw	Seeds	Tannins, papain, nicotine, cyanogenicglucosides and quercetin	Antioxidative, antibacterial and antimicrobial	[60]