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. 2023 Mar 1;4:1057204. doi: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1057204

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Copyright © 2023 Marino, Putignano, Cappilli, Chersoni, Santuccione, Calabrese, Bischof, Vanhaelen, Zhavoronkov, Scarano, Mazzotta and Santus.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Summary of the hallmarks of aging. Primary hallmarks of aging, the primary causes of cellular damage, include genomic stability, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, and telomere attrition. Antagonistic hallmarks (this refers to factors that originated from body responses to the damage itself but end up exacerbating it) include mitochondrial dysfunction, deregulated sensing, and cellular senescence. Integrative hallmarks of aging (that result from the cumulative action of the previous two groups and are the main determiners of the functional decline) include stem cell exhaustion and altered intercellular communication. Each of these hallmarks has been the focus of intensive research to understand their involvement in the decline of biological functions. ML/AI technologies are used to deepen our understanding of the many components that are involved. This knowledge can help to improve not only our understanding of these mechanisms taken separately but also how the interplay between them unfolds.