Table 2.

Benefits and drawbacks of carbon dioxide capture processes (Younas et al. 2020; Osman et al. 2020; Karimi et al. 2021c)

Category	Benefits	Drawbacks
Post-combustion	Maturity comparing with available carbon capture processes	High energy consumption
	Facility of retrofitting the technology to the new and existing plants	Low concentration of CO2 in flue gas which reduces the efficiency of process
		The presence of various impurities
		Requires adsorbent with high CO2 uptake capacity and high selectivity
Pre-combustion	High CO2 concentration in syngas and biogas enhances the efficiency of the process	High capital cost
	Fully developing for wide-scale adoption and commercialization	Decay challenges regarding the hydrogen-rich fuel consumption
	Low cost of adaptation	The presence of impurities such as H2S and CO
		Heat transfer problems
Oxy-fuel combustion	Relatively simple technology	High capital and operating cost
	Suitable for retrofit	High energy consumption
	NOx is not significant	Requires large quantities of oxygen

CO₂, carbon dioxide; CO, carbon monoxide; H₂S, hydrogen sulfide; and NOx, nitrogen oxides