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. 2023 Mar 16;13:4348. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30421-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of DNase-I injection on inflammation markers after traumatic brain injury. (a,b) Effects of DNase-I on pro-inflammatory marker genes IL-1 $β$ (a) and IL-6 (b) as measured by qPCR at 24-h post-controlled-cortical-impact (CCI, 1 dpi). Scale bars 50 µm each in all images 4C, 4D and 4E. (c) Effects of DNase-I on the number of activated perilesional microglia as evidenced by Iba-1 immunostaining. DNase-I did not substantially reduce neuroinflammation at 1 dpi (n = 10 mice/group). (d) The pericontusional increase in Iba1 + cells was significant lower in LD DNase-I treated mice than vehicle-treated mice at 120 h post-CCI (5 dpi) but (e) treatment did not alter the number of CD45 + cells (n = 12 mice/group). A significance level p < 0.05 is marked with *, p < 0.01 with **, and p < 0.001 with ***. All data are presented as mean ± SEM; p values are adjusted for multiple comparisons by Sidak correction.