Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of all the patients at enrollment (n = 754)
| ALB (g/dL) | Q1 (< 3.6) | Q2 (3.6–4.0) | Q3 (4.0–4.3) | Q4 (≥ 4.3) | P -value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | 182 | 173 | 173 | 226 | |
| Age (years) | 66.93 ± 13.24 | 69.56 ± 12.67 | 67.91 ± 12.54 | 63.93 ± 14.23 | < 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 145.47 ± 24.65 | 138.88 ± 20.75 | 137.63 ± 20.62 | 137.68 ± 21.23 | < 0.05 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.77 ± 4.07 | 23.72 ± 3.84 | 23.87 ± 3.50 | 23.70 ± 4.00 | 0.97 |
| HB (g/dL) | 10.86 ± 2.03 | 11.82 ± 1.94 | 12.48 ± 2.08 | 13.18 ± 1.97 | < 0.001 |
| ALB (g/dL) | 3.05 ± 0.43 | 3.77 ± 0.11 | 4.10 ± 0.09 | 4.48 ± 0.19 | < 0.001 |
| Scr (mg/dL) | 2.04 (1.59–3.20) | 1.85 (1.29–2.70) | 1.64 (1.22–2.55) | 1.30 (1.07–1.89) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 27.57 ± 16.65 | 30.32 ± 16.94 | 33.09 ± 16.63 | 40.77 ± 18.37 | < 0.001 |
| UPCR (g/gCr) | 4.15 (1.69–6.95) | 0.97 (0.18–2.52) | 0.54 (0.11–1.44) | 0.20 (0.05–0.72) | < 0.001 |
| Gender | 0.71 | ||||
| Male | 126 (69.23%) | 115 (66.47%) | 125 (72.25%) | 156 (69.03%) | |
| Female | 56 (30.77%) | 58 (33.53%) | 48 (27.75%) | 70 (30.97%) | |
| Etiology of CKD | < 0.001 | ||||
| Diabetic nephropathy, n(%) | 87 (47.80%) | 43 (24.86%) | 32 (18.50%) | 20 (8.85%) | |
| Nephrosclerosis, n (%) | 42 (23.08%) | 65 (37.57%) | 85 (49.13%) | 113 (50.00%) | |
| Glomerulonephritis, n (%) | 33 (18.13%) | 36 (20.81%) | 34 (19.65%) | 44 (19.47%) | |
| Other, n (%) | 20 (10.99%) | 29 (16.76%) | 22 (12.72%) | 49 (21.68%) | |
| Urinary occult blood, n(%) | 95 (52.20%) | 48 (27.75%) | 51 (29.48%) | 49 (21.68%) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 176 (96.70%) | 159 (91.91%) | 156 (90.17%) | 192 (84.96%) | < 0.001 |
| History of CVD, n (%) | 62 (34.07%) | 43 (24.86%) | 47 (27.17%) | 41 (18.14%) | < 0.05 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 99 (54.40%) | 66 (38.15%) | 57 (32.95%) | 55 (24.34%) | < 0.001 |
| Use of RAAS inhibitor, n(%) | 131 (71.98%) | 117 (67.63%) | 119 (68.79%) | 137 (60.62%) | 0.09 |
| Use of calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 109 (59.89%) | 93 (53.76%) | 81 (46.82%) | 98 (43.36%) | < 0.05 |
| Use of diuretics, n (%) | 90 (49.45%) | 56 (32.37%) | 41 (23.70%) | 52 (23.01%) | < 0.001 |
| CKD stage, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| 2 | 12 (6.59%) | 11 (6.36%) | 8 (4.62%) | 31 (13.72%) | |
| 3 | 53 (29.12%) | 66 (38.15%) | 86 (49.71%) | 122 (53.98%) | |
| 4 | 70 (38.46%) | 66 (38.15%) | 53 (30.64%) | 61 (26.99%) | |
| 5 | 47 (25.82%) | 30 (17.34%) | 26 (15.03%) | 12 (5.31%) |
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation and median with interquartile ranges. Categorical data are presented as numbers and percentages
Abbreviations: SBP Systolic blood pressure, BMI Body mass index, Scr Serum creatinine, HB Hemoglobin, ALB Serum albumin, CKD Chronic kidney disease, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, CVD Cardiovascular disease, UPCR Urinary protein/creatinine ratio, g/gCr Gram per gram creatinine, RAAS Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system