Table 1.
Characteristics of households and men at baseline
| Characteristics | Total | Control | SMS only | IPC only | SMS+ IPC | p Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maximum n | N = 1442 | N = 373 | N = 346 | N = 378 | N = 345 | |
| Household size, mean (SD) | 4.4 (1.7) | 4.3 (1.7) | 4.4 (1.8) | 4.5 (1.8) | 4.6 (1.7) | 0.20 |
| Religion, n (%) | ||||||
| Muslim | 1403 (97.4) | 351 (94.1) | 341 (98.6) | 367 (97.4) | 344 (99.7) | 0.001 |
| Christian | 38 (2.6) | 22 (5.9) | 5 (1.5) | 10 (2.6) | 1 (0.3) | |
| Education of household head, n (%) | ||||||
| No education | 177 (12.3) | 44 (11.8) | 44 (12.7) | 50 (13.3) | 39 (11.3) | 0.99 |
| Primary school incomplete | 125 (8.7) | 31 (8.3) | 34 (9.8) | 33 (8.8) | 27 (78) | |
| Primary school complete | 996 (69.1) | 262 (70.2) | 233 (67.3) | 259 (68.7) | 242 (70.1) | |
| Secondary school complete or higher | 143 (9.9) | 36 (9.7) | 35 (10.1) | 35 (9.3) | 37 (10.7) | |
| Source of drinking water, n (%) | ||||||
| Unimproved | 772 (53.6) | 207 (55.5) | 167 (48.3) | 215 (57.0) | 183 (53.0) | 0.097 |
| Improved | 669 (46.4) | 166 (44.5) | 179 (51.7) | 162 (43.0) | 162 (47.0) | |
| Sanitation facilities, n (%) | ||||||
| Unimproved | 1197 (83.1) | 322 (86.3) | 276 (79.8) | 306 (81.2) | 293 (84.9) | 0.063 |
| Improved | 244 (16.9) | 51 (13.7) | 70 (20.2) | 71 (18.8) | 52 (15.1) | |
| Wealth, n (%) | ||||||
| Lowest quintile | 239 (16.9) | 80 (21.8) | 46 (13.7) | 65 (17.5) | 48 (14.1) | 0.017 |
| Second quintile | 199 (14.1) | 52 (14.2) | 54 (16.1) | 55 (14.8) | 38 (11.1) | |
| Third quintile | 487 (34.4) | 112 (30.5) | 116 (34.6) | 119 (32.1) | 140 (41.1) | |
| Fourth quintile | 449 (31.8) | 112 (30.5) | 111 (33.1) | 116 (31.3) | 110 (32.3) | |
| Fifth quintile | 40 (2.8) | 11 (3.0) | 8 (2.4) | 16 (4.3) | 5 (1.5) | |
| Electricity, n (%) | ||||||
| Yes | 1207 (83.8) | 310 (83.1) | 295 (85.3) | 316 (83.8) | 286 (82.9) | 0.83 |
| No | 234 (16.2) | 63 (16.9) | 51 (14.7) | 61 (16.2) | 59 (17.1) | |
| Owned/had access to the home garden, n (%) | 888 (61.6) | 235 (63.0) | 215 (62.1) | 242 (64.2) | 196 (56.8) | 0.19 |
| Owned land where vegetables or fruit is grown in the past 12 months, n (%) | 771 (53.5) | 194 (52.0) | 184 (53.2) | 199 (52.8) | 194 (56.2) | 0.69 |
| Access to cow or goat in the past 12 months, n (%) | 169 (11.7) | 47 9 (12.6) | 27 (7.8) | 58 (15.4) | 37 (10.8) | 0.014 |
| Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, n (%) | ||||||
| Food secure | 827 (57.4) | 203 (54.4) | 211 (61.0) | 202 (53.4) | 211 (61.2) | 0.003 |
| Mildly food insecure | 112 (7.8) | 34 (9.1) | 28 (8.1) | 40 (10.6) | 10 (2.9) | |
| Moderately food insecure | 311 (21.6) | 80 (21.4) | 73 (21.1) | 77 (20.4) | 81 (23.5) | |
| Severely food insecure | 192 (13.3) | 56 (15.0) | 34 (9.8) | 59 (15.6) | 43 (12.5) |
Abbreviations: IPC, interpersonal communication; SMS, short message service.
a
Comparability across groups was tested by one‐way analysis of variance for continuous variables and by χ 2 test for categorical variables. p < 0.05.