| Within-urban |
People
live in more polluted places within their urban area
in that state |
Redlining; racial covenants; exclusionary
zoning; land-use
policy; highway development; minority move-in |
Transportation;
commercial cooking |
| Between-urban |
Within their state, urbanites live in cities that
are more
polluted (potentially, larger cities) rather than in less polluted
(potentially, smaller) cities |
Historic migration: job opportunities; social connections |
Industrial; road dust; construction;
transportation |
| Within-rural |
Within their state, people in rural areas live in more polluted
rural areas. (This aspect contributes ∼0%, so is not explored
further.) |
N/A |
N/A |
| Urban-rural |
People live in urban environments (which
are more polluted
than rural environments) |
Historic migration: job opportunities;
social connections;
disparities in access to historical homesteading, farming subsidies
and other rural empowerment; land grabs; discriminatory agricultural
loan practices |
Agriculture; transportation; road dust;
wood combustion |
| Between state |
People live in more polluted states |
Migration patterns; state laws for pollution; historical
race-based
state laws regarding in-migration |
Agriculture; wildfire; electricity |
