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. 2023 Feb 18;78(5):1017–1027. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.02.007

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© 2023 The Author(s)

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Fig. 5 — Altered subset distribution of spike-specific CD4+ T cells in LTRs after mRNA vaccination is associated with impaired adaptive effector response.

(A-D) Ex vivo proportion of AIM+ (CD137+ OX40+) T_FH cells of non-naïve CD4+ T cells (representative dot plot displayed in A) after the 2^nd vaccine dose in HCs (n = 11) and LTRs (n = 10) (B), in longitudinally tested LTRs (n = 6) (C) and after the 3^rd vaccine dose in HCs (n = 13) and LTRs (n = 13) (D). (E-H) Neutralizing capacity against the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain (E, G) or Omicron BA.4/5 variant (F, H) in LTR samples tested after 2^nd (n = 5) and 3^rd (n = 10) vaccine dose and in HCs (n = 8) and LTRs (n = 10) after the 3^rd vaccine dose. (I) Correlation between the level of spike-specific IgG and the frequencies of spike-specific T_FH cells; (J, K) Correlation between the neutralizing capacity against Wuhan (J) or Omicron BA.4/5 (K) variants and the frequencies of spike-specific T_FH cells; LTRs and HCs as well as all available vaccination time points were pooled for the correlation analysis. Statistics: Mann-Whitney U test (B, D-H), Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test (C) and Spearman correlation (I–K). AIM, activation-induced marker; HCs, healthy control; LTRs, liver transplant recipients; T_FH, follicular T helper.