Table 3. The association between serum gamma-tocopherol and lumbar spine BMD.
| Lumbar spine BMD g/cm2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 β (95% CI) P value | Model 2 β (95% CI) P value | Model 3 β (95% CI) P value | |
| Gamma-tocopherol (umol/L) | -0.0038 (-0.0054, -0.0021) <0.001 | -0.0041 (-0.0051, -0.0030) <0.001 | -0.0068 (-0.0079, -0.0057) <0.001 |
| Gamma-tocopherol (umol/L) | |||
| Q1 (<1.09) | reference | Reference | reference |
| Q2 (1.09–2.18) | 0.0020 (-0.0067, 0.0107) 0.652 | 0.0040 (-0.0015, 0.0095) 0.153 | 0.0020 (-0.0034, 0.0073) 0.475 |
| Q3 (2.18–4.25) | 0.0098 (0.0009, 0.0188) 0.031 | -0.0035 (-0.0092, 0.0022) 0.227 | -0.0089 (-0.0145, -0.0032) 0.002 |
| Q4 (4.25–5.00) | -0.0200 (-0.0290, -0.0109) <0.001 | -0.0208 (-0.0266, -0.0151) <0.001 | -0.0329 (-0.0387, -0.0270) <0.001 |
| P for trend | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Subgroup analysis stratified by gender | |||
| Male | -0.0055 (-0.0078, -0.0031) <0.001 | -0.0050 (-0.0065, -0.0035) <0.001 | -0.0077 (-0.0092, -0.0062) <0.001 |
| Female | -0.0042 (-0.0065, -0.0020) <0.001 | -0.0031 (-0.0046, -0.0017) <0.001 | -0.0062 (-0.0077, -0.0047) <0.001 |
| P for interaction | 0.461 | 0.034 | 0.061 |
| Subgroup analysis stratified by age | |||
| 8–13 | -0.0013 (-0.0029, 0.0002) 0.093 | -0.0028 (-0.0043, -0.0014) <0.001 | -0.0090 (-0.0105, -0.0076) <0.001 |
| 14–19 | 0.0013 (-0.0005, 0.0030) 0.157 | -0.0011 (-0.0029, 0.0006) 0.200 | -0.0036 (-0.0053, -0.0018) <0.001 |
| P for interaction | 0.023 | 0.13 | 0.001 |
| Subgroup analysis stratified by race/ethnicity | |||
| Mexican American | -0.0026 (-0.0053, 0.0001) 0.0636 | -0.0001 (-0.0019, 0.0017) 0.9125 | -0.0045 (-0.0063, -0.0027) <0.001 |
| Other Hispanic | -0.0143 (-0.0235, -0.0052) 0.002 | -0.0107 (-0.0162, -0.0053) <0.001 | -0.0110 (-0.0170, -0.0051) <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic White | -0.0068 (-0.0100, -0.0037) <0.001 | -0.0059 (-0.0080, -0.0039) <0.001 | -0.0089 (-0.0110, -0.0068) <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.0034 (0.0002, 0.0067) 0.039 | -0.0019 (-0.0039, 0.0002) 0.082 | -0.0032 (-0.0053, -0.0011) 0.003 |
| Other races (Including multi-racial) | 0.0032 (-0.0032, 0.0095) 0.331 | 0.0035 (-0.0004, 0.0073) 0.080 | 0.0003 (-0.0038, 0.0045) 0.870 |
| P for interaction | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Model 1: no covariates were adjusted. Model 2: age, gender, and race/ethnicity were adjusted. Model 3: age, gender, race/ethnicity, BMI, PIR, serum calcium, and serum phosphorus. Abbreviation: BMI body mass index. BMD bone mineral density. PIR poverty income ratio.